Trends, prevalence and factors associated with hypertension and diabetes among South African adults living with HIV, 2005–2017

Abstract

Background Many people are now living longer with HIV due to access to antiretroviral treatment. In turn, there has been an increase in the burden of hypertension and diabetes. The paucity of data on the burden of hypertension and diabetes in adults living with HIV in South Africa is a public health concern. The paper aimed to describe the prevalence and factors associated with hypertension and diabetes among adults living with HIV (ALHIV). Methods This was a secondary data analysis of the population based on the South African National HIV Prevalence, Incidence, Behaviour and Communication surveys for 2005, 2008 and 2017. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise the characteristics of the study sample. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine factors associated with hypertension and diabetes. Results The total study population of ALHIV aged 25 years and older was 978, 1023 and 2483 for 2005, 2008 and 2017. The prevalence of hypertension showed an increasing trend at 11.8% in 2005, 9.5% in 2008 and 14.3% in 2017. The prevalence of diabetes was 3.3% in 2005, 2.8% in 2008 and 3.2% in 2017. Increased odds of hypertension among adults living with HIV were consistently associated with being female and the age group 45 years older across all the survey years, including pensioners and the sick, living in urban areas, high risk of hazardous alcohol consumption, diabetes and heart disease. Increased odds of diabetes were consistently associated with hypertension across all the survey years, including age group 45 years and older, and poor health. While having a secondary level of education and above was protective against diabetes. Conclusion The study showed that the prevalence of hypertension is high and has increased over time among adults living with HIV while the prevalence of diabetes has remained constant. Findings identified factors consistently associated with the prevalence of both diseases overtime, including contemporary risk factors that should be targeted in the integrated management of chronic disease and HIV care model.

Trends of and factors associated with access to residential toilets among the middle-aged and elderly in rural China from 2011 to 2018

“…Future targeted studies are needed in this regard. Third, similar with other high-impact studies on factors influencing hypertension and diabetes [ 37 ], as well as access to sanitation facilities [ 28 ], etc., we did logistic regression between residential toilet ownership and the selected explanatory variables in each year, since the aim of this study was to explore the association between them but not to set up a causal relationship. Future studies are needed to utilize the longitudinal data analysis methods to explore the related topics based in China.…”

Prevalence and factors associated with hypertension among older people living with HIV in South Africa

“…The study reveals that there is a high prevalence of hypertension (50.1%) among PLHIV in South Africa. The estimated prevalence is higher than the 14.3% prevalence that was reported by Chiwandire et al [ 8 ]. This prevalence is further higher than the estimated prevalence in other African countries such as Ghana (30.8%) [ 24 ], and Ethiopia (12.7%) [ 17 ].…”

“…These interventions have contributed to a significant decline in global HIV-related mortalities from a peak of 1.90 million in 2004 to 1.5 million in 2010 and 0.77 million in 2018 [ 7 ]. In South Africa, successful implementation of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) programme has also reduced HIV-related mortalities in the country [ 8 ]. Consequently, the effect of ART on viral load suppression has greatly improved due to ART has the life expectancy of PLHIV alongside a decline in opportunistic infections [ 8 ].…”

“…In South Africa, successful implementation of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) programme has also reduced HIV-related mortalities in the country [ 8 ]. Consequently, the effect of ART on viral load suppression has greatly improved due to ART has the life expectancy of PLHIV alongside a decline in opportunistic infections [ 8 ]. However, there has been an observed increase in hypertension among PLHIV.…”

“…To the best of our knowledge, only one study [ 8 ] has examined the factors associated with hypertension among PLHIV in South Africa. However, Chiwandire et al’s study [ 8 ] did not focus on the elderly or older people 50 years and older living with HIV in South Africa. Moreover, their study did not include residual confounders such as health-seeking behaviour.…”