Tri-Hydroxy-Triacylglycerol Is Efficiently Produced by Position-Specific Castor Acyltransferases

Lunn, Daniel; Wallis, James G.; Browse, John

doi:10.1104/pp.18.01409

Cited by 41 publications

(57 citation statements)

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“…Similar phenomena have also been previously observed with transgene expression of FAD2, which produces unusual FAs, including epoxidation, hydroxylation and double bonding conjugation [40,41]. One hypothesis explaining this phenotype is that unusual FA products inhibit the activity of FAD2, thereby effectively preventing the conversion of C18:1 to C18:2 [43][44][45][46]. In The GhFAD2-1, GhFAD3, GhSAD, GhCYP704B1, GhCYP86B1, GhHTH, GhALDH, GhPXG, and GhCYP94C1 mRNA abundance was determined by qRT-PCR, respectively.…”

Section: A Role For Ghfad2-3 In Anther and Pollen Developmentsupporting

confidence: 78%

GhFAD2–3 is required for anther development in Gossypium hirsutum

Feng

Wang

et al. 2019

BMC Plant Biol

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Background In higher plants, the FAD2 gene encodes the microsomal oleate Δ12-desaturase, one of the key enzymes essential for the biosynthesis of the polyunsaturated lipids that serve many important functions in plant development and stress responses. FAD2 catalyzes the first step, in the biosynthesis of the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) found in the cell membrane and cell wall, and it is thus of great importance to investigate the regulatory role of FAD2 in anther development. Results We reported the molecular characterization of the cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) GhFAD2 gene family and the essential role of GhFAD2–3 in cotton anther development. G. hirsutum contains four pairs of homoeologous FAD2 genes (GhFAD2–1 to GhFAD2–4). GhFAD2–3 is ubiquitously and relatively highly expressed in all analyzed tissues, particularly in anthers. Specific inhibition of GhFAD2–3 using the RNA interference approach resulted in male sterility due to impaired anther development at the stages from meiosis to maturation. The cellular phenotypic abnormality observed at the meiosis stage of the GhFAD2–3 silenced plant (fad2–3) coincides with the significant reduction of C18:2 in anthers at the same stage. Compared with that of the wild type (WT), the content of C18:1 was 41.48%, which increased by 5 fold in the fad2–3 anther at the pollen maturation stage. Moreover, the ratio of monounsaturated to polyunsaturated fatty acid was 5.43 in fad2–3 anther, which was much higher than that of the WT (only 0.39). Through compositional analysis of anthers cuticle and transcriptome data, we demonstrated it was unfavorable to the development of anther by regulating GhFAD2–3 expression level to increase the oleic acid content. Conclusions Our work demonstrated the importance of C18:2 and/or C18:3 in the development of the pollen exine and anther cuticle in cotton and provided clue for further investigation of the physiological significance of the fatty acid composition for plant growth and development.

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Section: A Role For Ghfad2-3 In Anther and Pollen Developmentsupporting

confidence: 78%

GhFAD2–3 is required for anther development in Gossypium hirsutum

Feng

Wang

et al. 2019

BMC Plant Biol

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“…A recent study reported that coexpression of three castor acyltransferase enzymes in the Kennedy pathway produced 19% TAG3 and concentrated 44% of seed HFA moieties into this one TAG species. RA was more abundant than any other fatty acid in these seeds, which had three-fold more HFA by weight than that in seeds following simple hydroxylase expression (Lunn et al, 2019). It may be explained that RcPLD9 co-evolved with other essential genes in the lipid metabolic pathway of castor bean, especially genes using effective RA-CoA for TAG synthesis in the Kennedy pathway such as DGAT, LPAAT, and GPAT.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In the past decade, many genes responsible for RA synthesis and its accumulation in castor bean have been identified by functionally characterizing them in the model plant Arabidopsis due to the lack of efficient castor transformation methods (Aryal and Lu, 2018;Bayon et al, 2015;Burgal et al, 2008;Chen et al, 2016;Hu et al, 2012;Kim et al, 2011;Lu et al, 2006;Lunn et al, 2019;Smith et al, 2003;van de Loo et al, 1995;van Erp et al, 2011). Fatty acid hydroxylase 12 (FAH12) catalyzes RA production by hydroxylating oleic acid (18:1n-9) at the sn-2 position of phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) (Bafor et al, 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…RA produced on PtdCho can also be used to produce PtdCho-derived diacylglycerol (DAG) by phosphatidylcholine:diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase (PDCT) (Hu et al, 2012), or directly assembled to TAG by phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT) (Kim et al, 2011;van Erp et al, 2011). RA-CoA may be assembled to TAG via the Kennedy pathway, in which glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT), lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAAT), phosphatidic acid phosphatase (PAP), and acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) sequentially produce lysophosphatidic acid (lysoPtdOH), phosphatidic acid (PtdOH), DAG, and TAG, respectively (Lunn et al, 2019). PtdCho-derived DAG can also be utilized to produce TAG by DGAT (Bates, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of a PLDζ2 Homology Gene from Developing Castor Bean Endosperm

Tian

Sun

Jayawardana

et al. 2020

Lipids

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Castor oil contains approximately 90% ricinoleic acid (RA) which is stored mainly in the form of tri-ricinoleic acid containing triacylglycerols (TAG). Ricinoleate is synthesized from oleate (18:1n-9) esterified to the sn-2 position of phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) catalyzed by oleoyl-12-hydroxylase. PtdCho-derived diacylglycerol (DAG) is an important substrate pool for TAG synthesis, and the interconversion between PtdCho and DAG has been shown to play a critical role in channeling hydroxy fatty acids (HFA) to TAG. Although phospholipase D (PLD) has been reported to catalyze the hydrolysis of PtdCho to produce phosphatidic acid which can then be converted to DAG, its potential functions in the channeling of RA from PtdCho to DAG and the assembly of RA on TAG is largely unknown. In the present study, 11 PLD genes were identified from the Castor Bean Genome Database. Gene expression analysis indicated that RcPLD9 is expressed at relatively high levels in developing seeds compared to other plant tissues. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses revealed that RcPLD9 is a homolog of Arabidopsis PLDζ2. Overexpression of RcPLD9 in the Arabidopsis CL7 line producing C18-HFA resulted in RA content reductions in the polar lipid fraction (mainly PtdCho) and mono-HFA-TAG, but increased RA content in di-HFA-TAG. Since part of RA in di-HFA-TAG is derived from HFA-DAG, the results indicated that RcPLD9 facilitates the channeling of RA from PtdCho to DAG for its assembly on TAG in developing seeds.

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“…One hypothesis explaining this phenotype is that unusual FA products inhibit the activity of FAD2, thereby effectively preventing the conversion of C18:1 to C18:2 [43,45,46]. In cottonseed, the relative content of C18:2 peaked in the mature seeds, accounting for over 50% of the total fatty acid content of seed [12].…”

Section: A Role For Ghfad2-3 In Anther and Pollen Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

GhFAD2-3 is Required for Anther Development in Gossypium hirsutum

Liu

Wang

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Background In higher plants, the FAD2 gene encodes the microsomal oleate Δ12-desaturase, one of the key enzymes essential for the biosynthesis of the polyunsaturated lipids that serve many important functions in plant development and stress responses. FAD2 catalyzes the first step, in the biosynthesis of the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) found in the cell membrane and cell wall, and it is thus of great importance to investigate the regulatory role of FAD2 in anther development.Results We reported the molecular characterization of the cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) GhFAD2 gene family and the essential role of GhFAD2-3 in cotton anther development. G. hirsutum contains four pairs of homoeologous FAD2 genes (GhFAD2-1 to GhFAD2-4). GhFAD2-3 is ubiquitously and relatively highly expressed in all analyzed tissues, particularly in anthers. Specific inhibition of GhFAD2-3 using the RNA interference approach resulted in male sterility due to impaired anther development at the stages from meiosis to maturation. The cellular phenotypic abnormality observed at the meiosis stage of the GhFAD2-3 silenced plant (fad2-3) coincides with the significant reduction of C18:2 in anthers at the same stage. Compared with that of the wild type (WT), the content of C18:1 was 41.48%, which increased by 5 fold in the fad2-3 anther at the pollen maturation stage. Moreover, the ratio of monounsaturated to polyunsaturated fatty acid was 5.43 in fad2-3 anther, which was much higher than that of the WT (only 0.39). Through compositional analysis of anthers cuticle and transcriptome data, we demonstrated it was unfavorable to the development of anther by regulating GhFAD2-3 expression level to increase the oleic acid content.Conclusions Our work demonstrated the importance of C18:2 and/or C18:3 in the development of the pollen exine and anther cuticle in cotton and provided clue for further investigation of the physiological significance of the fatty acid composition for plant growth and development.

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Tri-Hydroxy-Triacylglycerol Is Efficiently Produced by Position-Specific Castor Acyltransferases

Cited by 41 publications

References 42 publications

GhFAD2–3 is required for anther development in Gossypium hirsutum

GhFAD2–3 is required for anther development in Gossypium hirsutum

Characterization of a PLDζ2 Homology Gene from Developing Castor Bean Endosperm

GhFAD2-3 is Required for Anther Development in Gossypium hirsutum

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