“…Studies of earlier stages of case processing have grown since the mid-1980s but remain relatively rare (e.g., Albonetti, 1989Albonetti, , 1990Crutchfield, Bridges, & Pitchford, 1994;Demuth, 2003;Demuth & Steffensmeier, 2004;Katz & Spohn, 1995;Holmes, Hosch, Daudistel, Perez, & Graves, 1996;Kingsnorth, MacIntosh, & Sutherland, 2002;LaFree, 1985, Miethe, 1987Petersilia, 1983;Spohn, Gruhl, & Welch, 1987;Ulmer et al, 2010;Wooldredge, 1998;Zatz, 1985).…”