Tribological performance of hard carbon coatings on 440C bearing steel

Kustas, F.M.; Misra, M.; Shepard, Donald F.; Froechtenigt, J. F.

doi:10.1016/0257-8972(91)90134-i

Cited by 18 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…This is presumably because of the fairly humid test environment (e.g., 30+5%) that we had during our friction tests. The friction coefficients reported in this study are consistent with the previous friction results obtained in moderately to highly humid test environments [ 13,14,16,20,21].…”

Section: Ion-beam Deposition Of Diamondlike Carbonsupporting

confidence: 92%

Friction and wear performance of ion-beam-deposited diamond-like carbon films on steel substrates

Erdemir

Nichols

Pan

et al. 1994

Diamond and Related Materials

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DISCLAIMERThis reportwas preparedas an accountof worksponsoredby an agencyof the United States Government. Neitherthe UnitedStates Government nor any agencythereof,norany of their employees,makesany warranty, expressor implied,or assumesany legal liabilityor responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulnessof any information, apparatus, product,or processdisclosed,or represents that its use wouldnot infringeprivatelyownedrights.Reference hereinto any specificcommercialproduct,process, or serviceby tradename,trademark, .anufacturer, or otherwisedoes not necessarilyconstituteor imply its endorsement, recom-.,endation,or favoringby the United States Government or any agencythereof.The views and opinionsof authors expressedherein do not necessar'_ L_aL¢or renect those of the United States Governmentor anyagencythereof. ¢',? i-_i_THiBi,iTiOi_Oi: _HhSDOCUMENTIS UNt.IMITI_ ABSTRACT In this study, we investigated the friction and wear performance of ion-beam-deposited diamondlike-carbon (DLC) films (1.5 pm thick) on AISI 440C steel substrates. Furthermore, we ran a series of long-duration wear tests under 5, 10, and 20 N load to assess the load-bearing capacity and durability limits of these films under each load. Tests were performed on a ball-ondisk machine in open air at room temperature =22+1°C, and humidity, =30_+5%.For the test conditions explored, we found that (1) the steady-state friction coefficients of pairs without a DLC film were in the range of 0.7 to 0.9 and the average wear rates of 440C balls (9.55 mm diameter) sliding against uncoated 440C disks were on the order of 10-5mm3/N.m, depending on contact load; (2) DLC films reduced the steady-state friction coefficients of test pairs by factors of 6 to 8, and the wear rates of pins by factors of 500 to 2000; (3) The wear of disks coated with a DLC film was virtually unmeasurable while the wear of uncoated disks was quite substantial, (4) these DLC films were able to endure the range of loads, 5 to 20 N, without any delamination and to last over a million cycles before wearing out. During long-duration wear tests, the friction coefficients were initially on the order of 0.15, but decreased to some low values of 0.05 to 0.07 after sliding for 15 to 25 km, depending on the load, and remained low until wearing out. This low-friction regime was correlated with the formation of a carbon-rich transfer film on the wear scar of 440C balls. Microlaser-Raman spectroscopy and scanning-electron microscopy were used to examine the structure and chemistry of worn surfaces and to elucidate the wear-and friction-reducing mechanisms of the DLC film.

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Section: Ion-beam Deposition Of Diamondlike Carbonsupporting

confidence: 92%

Friction and wear performance of ion-beam-deposited diamond-like carbon films on steel substrates

Erdemir

Nichols

Pan

et al. 1994

Diamond and Related Materials

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“…9 Periodic boundary conditions were applied in the lateral (x-y) planes of the cell. The initial a-C:H cell properties such as sp 3 fraction and H content have been calculated. The sp 3 fraction in the cell is calculated from the number of four-fold coordinated C atoms over the total number of two-, three-, four-fold coordinated C atoms in the cell.…”

Section: A Ar Plasma On A-c:hmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The initial a-C:H cell properties such as sp 3 fraction and H content have been calculated. The sp 3 fraction in the cell is calculated from the number of four-fold coordinated C atoms over the total number of two-, three-, four-fold coordinated C atoms in the cell. 32 We found that the initial a-C:H cell's properties (20% sp, 3 28% H) were close to those obtained experimentally ($22% sp, 3 $33% H).…”

Section: A Ar Plasma On A-c:hmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Control of the surface properties of amorphous hydrocarbon (a-C:H) thin films is of interest for many applications: masking layers for semiconductor fabrication, 1 tribological coatings, 2,3 gas diffusion barriers, 4 and biological interface coatings. 5 Depending on the desired use, a-C:H film properties can range from polymeric (H-saturated) to graphitic (H-poor).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydrogenation and surface density changes in hydrocarbon films during erosion using Ar/H2 plasmas

Fox-Lyon

Oehrlein

Ning

et al. 2011

Journal of Applied Physics

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We report interactions of low pressure Ar, H 2 , and Ar/H 2 mixture plasmas with a-C:H films. Surface evolution and erosion of a-C:H films were examined for ion energies up to 200 eV by rf biasing the substrates. Film surfaces were characterized using in situ ellipsometry, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Multilayer models for steady-state modified surface layers are constructed using ellipsometric data and compared with results of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and transport of ions in matter (TRIM) calculations. We find that Ar plasma causes a modified layer at the surface that is depleted of H atoms. The depth and degree of this modification is strongly depending on Ar ion energies. This depletion saturates quickly during plasma exposure (<1 s) and persists during steady-state erosion. We find that the thickness and density of the H-depleted layer are in good agreement with MD and TRIM simulations. The degree of surface densification decreases when small amounts of H 2 are added to Ar plasmas. When more than 5% H 2 is added to the plasma, long term loss in surface density is observed, indicating rehydrogenation and saturation of H in the film. As the H 2 fraction increases, the near-surface atomic H increases and the ion composition bombarding the surface changes. This causes incorporation of H deeper into the a-C:H film. For a-C:H films exposed to pure H 2 plasmas, H is introduced into the near-surface region to a depth of up to $8 nm from the surface. As the rf bias is increased the ion energy transitions from solely chemical sputtering to one involving physical sputtering, causing the yield of C atoms from the surface to greatly increase. The increasing yield suppresses H incorporation/saturation and decreases the magnitude of the modified surface layer. V

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“…4 Thus, elimination or minimization of compressive stresses in DLC films continues to limit the technological and medical applications of DLC coatings. However, there are several disadvantages to high temperature annealing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved Tribological Properties of Diamondlike Carbon/Metal Nanocomposites

Narayan

Scholvin

2003

MRS Proc.

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One of the many forms of carbon, diamondlike carbon (DLC), consists mainly of sp 3bonded carbon atoms. DLC coatings possess properties close to diamond in terms of hardness, atomic bonding, and chemical inertness. Unfortunately, DLC exhibits poor adhesion to metals and polymers. The adhesion of the DLC film is determined by internal stresses in the film and by interfacial bonding. This work involves processing, characterization and modeling of diamondlike composite films on metal and polymer substrates to improve adhesion and wear properties. A novel target design was adopted to incorporate metal (silver or titanium) atoms into DLC films during pulsed laser deposition. STEM of the DLC/metal nanocomposites has shown that the metals that do not form carbides (e.g., silver) form 2-10 nm inclusions within the DLC matrix. Wear resistance measurements made on these samples have demonstrated that DLC/metal nanocomposites possess exceptional wear resistance. Diamond-like carbon nanocomposites also exhibit significantly enhanced adhesion. Careful analysis of the Raman data also indicated a significant shift to shorter wavelength in DLC nanocomposite films, indicating a reduction in compressive stress within these films. The sp 3 content of these films was studied using electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). By varying the metal concentration as a function of distance from the interface, we have created functionally gradient DLC nanocomposites. These DLC/metal nanocomposite coatings have multiple biomedical applications.

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Tribological performance of hard carbon coatings on 440C bearing steel

Cited by 18 publications

References 16 publications

Friction and wear performance of ion-beam-deposited diamond-like carbon films on steel substrates

Friction and wear performance of ion-beam-deposited diamond-like carbon films on steel substrates

Hydrogenation and surface density changes in hydrocarbon films during erosion using Ar/H2 plasmas

Improved Tribological Properties of Diamondlike Carbon/Metal Nanocomposites

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