Tribological Properties of Different-Sized Black Phosphorus Nanosheets as Water-Based Lubrication Additives for Steel/Titanium Alloy Wear Contact

Abstract

Titanium alloys are extensively used in the aerospace, chemical, and biomedical industries. However, it has always been a challenge in the manufacturing and machining of titanium alloys because they exhibit poor friction and wear characteristics, which results in serious problems and significantly restricts their further production and application. Therefore, in the present study, the wear contact between GCr15 steel and Ti6Al4V alloy is specifically studied by considering black phosphorus nanosheets (BP-NS) as water-based lubrication additives, which is expected to have a great potential application in manufacturing and machining titanium alloys. The influence of BP nanosheet size on the coefficient of friction (COF) and wear rate of Ti6Al4V alloy has been comprehensively studied, based on comparisons among adding large BP nanosheets (L-BP) (2–4 μm), medium BP nanosheets (M-BP) (300–500 nm), and black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) (6–10 nm). Compared with ultrapure water, the COF and wear rate of Ti6Al4V alloy are reduced by 42.4% and 82.3%, respectively, when BPQDs are used as water-based lubrication additives. This paper also shows that a lower COF and wear rate is achieved with the addition of BPQDs than the other two BP nanosheet sizes. Derived from the friction tests and worn surface analysis of Ti6Al4V alloy, lubrication mechanisms of different-sized BP lubricants were proposed. The interlaminar shearing between BP-NS and the adsorbed films were the main mechanisms for L-BP and M-BP lubricants, while the adsorption, repair, and ball-bearing effects were mainly presented in the BPQD lubricants. The discoveries in this paper would be beneficial to developing novel lubricants for the manufacturing and machining of titanium alloys.

Black Phosphorus Quantum Dots with a Core–Shell Nanostructure as a Water-Based Lubrication Additive

“…The presence of alumina was confirmed to form a peak of 74.5 eV in the Al 2p spectrum (Figure b). In addition, titanium oxide and alumina formation also exhibit 530.62 and 531.77 eV peaks in the O 1s spectrum . In addition to the oxidation of the elements in the Ti 6 Al 4 V disc, the spectra of P and Si are dominated by the presence of their oxides and their original states.…”

“…In addition, titanium oxide and alumina formation also exhibit 530.62 and 531.77 eV peaks in the O 1s spectrum. 50 In addition to the oxidation of the elements in the Ti 6 Al 4 V disc, the spectra of P and Si are dominated by the presence of their oxides and their original states. As seen in the spectra of P elements (Figure 9d), the formation of Si−O and Si−O−P is confirmed in the P spectrum at 133.49 and 134.29 eV peaks, respectively.…”

A review of tribological research on two-dimensional nano black phosphorus

“…Compared with pure water, the COF and wear rate of the water containing lubricant additive were reduced by 32.6% and 68.8% under the test conditions of 8N and 150r/min, respectively. Dong et al [43] used BP nanosheets as a water-based lubricating additive and studied the wear contact between GCr15 steel and Ti6Al4V alloy. The smaller the size of the BP, the better the lubricating effect.…”

Tribological Behaviors and the Lubrication Mechanism of Functionalized Boron Nitride Nanosheet-Containing Fluid for Titanium Alloy Cold Rolling

“…Titanium alloys play an important role in aerospace, navigation, biomedicine, and energy. − Nevertheless, titanium alloys are prone to severe wear and adhesion during the plastic deformation process due to their high strength, hardness, and low thermal conductivity. − Lubrication is a key solution for solving the problem. Generally, oil-based lubricants which contain an extreme pressure additive are used in the cold rolling process.…”