Tribological testing of skin products: gender, age, and ethnicity on the volar forearm

Sivamani, Raja K; Wu, Gabriel C.; Gitis, Norm; Maibach, Howard I.

doi:10.1034/j.1600-0846.2003.00034.x

Cited by 70 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 12 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Greater epidermal and dermal thickness (Seidenari et al 1994;Eisenbeiss et al 1998), greater corneocyte surface area (Fluhr et al 2001), as well as lower surface roughness R a and higher furrow density of forearm skin (Lagarde et al 2005) have been reported for pre-menopausal women compared with men in the same age group. Until now, no significant gender differences have been reported for skin friction (Cua et al 1990(Cua et al , 1995Kenins 1994;Sivamani et al 2003c). Kenins (1994) found no difference between men and women in the friction of textiles against dry and moist skin (fingers, hairy forearm skin).…”

Section: Friction Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For skin friction, factors of 1.5-7 have been reported between wet and dry conditions (Comaish & Bottoms 1971;Highley et al 1977;Wolfram 1983;Johnson et al 1993;Kenins 1994;Adams et al 2007). So far, however, no systematic study on the functional relationship between skin moisture and textile friction has been presented, even though a few investigations have been performed to compare different hydration levels with in vivo skin friction (El-Shimi 1977;Elsner et al 1990;Lodén et al 1992;Sivamani et al 2003c). Lodén et al (1992) determined skin friction against an oscillating steel plate and found significant correlations between moisture and friction for the lower back in atopic and normal skin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Influence of epidermal hydration on the friction of human skin against textiles

Gerhardt

Strässle

Lenz

et al. 2008

J. R. Soc. Interface.

281

244

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Friction and shear forces, as well as moisture between the human skin and textiles are critical factors in the formation of skin injuries such as blisters, abrasions and decubitus. This study investigated how epidermal hydration affects the friction between skin and textiles.The friction between the inner forearm and a hospital fabric was measured in the natural skin condition and in different hydration states using a force plate. Eleven males and eleven females rubbed their forearm against the textile on the force plate using defined normal loads and friction movements. Skin hydration and viscoelasticity were assessed by corneometry and the suction chamber method, respectively.In each individual, a highly positive linear correlation was found between skin moisture and friction coefficient (COF). No correlation was observed between moisture and elasticity, as well as between elasticity and friction. Skin viscoelasticity was comparable for women and men. The friction of female skin showed significantly higher moisture sensitivity. COFs increased typically by 43% (women) and 26% (men) when skin hydration varied between very dry and normally moist skin. The COFs between skin and completely wet fabric were more than twofold higher than the values for natural skin rubbed on a dry textile surface.Increasing skin hydration seems to cause gender-specific changes in the mechanical properties and/or surface topography of human skin, leading to skin softening and increased real contact area and adhesion.

show abstract

Section: Friction Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of epidermal hydration on the friction of human skin against textiles

Gerhardt

Strässle

Lenz

et al. 2008

J. R. Soc. Interface.

281

244

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This is (a) because the logistic-regression function is in fact the way to characterize a binary-output tribometers, such as the ramp tester used in these experiments (See Marpet and Medoff 18,19) , Medoff et al 21,23) , Besser et al 20) , and Marpet et al 22) . ), (b) because foot hydration was controlled (See Naylor 1) , Sivamani et al 8,10) , and Gitis and Sivamani 9) . ), and (c) because the research clearly shows that, for a given anatomic skin area, no significant differences are found with respect to age, gender, and ethnicity (Comaish 3) , Cua et al 4) , and Egawa 7) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sivamani et al 8) and Gitis and Sivamani 9) tested in vivo the forearms of volunteers classified by age, gender, and ethnicity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Barefoot-Pedestrian Tribometry: In Vivo Method of Measurement of Available Friction between the Human Heel and the Walkway

Besser¹,

Marpet²,

Medoff³

2008

Ind Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Previous studies found no significant differences in skin friction with regard to ethnicity (20) or gender (20,21). Recently, we have observed that the friction of female skin in contact with textiles was more sensitive to moisture changes (19).…”

mentioning

confidence: 93%

Skin–textile friction and skin elasticity in young and aged persons

Gerhardt¹,

Lenz²,

Spencer³

et al. 2009

Skin Research and Technology

110

109

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background/purpose: The mechanical properties of human skin are known to change with ageing, rendering skin less resistant to friction and shear forces, as well as more vulnerable to wounds. Until now, only few and contradictory results on the age‐dependent friction properties of skin have been reported. This study has investigated in detail the influence of age on the friction of human skin against textiles. Methods: In vivo skin‐friction measurements on a force plate were combined with skin analyses concerning elasticity, hydration, pH value and sebum content. Thirty‐two young and 28 aged persons rubbed their volar forearm in a reciprocating motion against various textiles on the force plate, using defined normal loads and sliding velocities, representing clinically relevant contact conditions. Results: Mean friction coefficients ranged from 0.30 ± 0.04 (polytetrafluoroethylene) to 0.43 ± 0.04 (cotton/polyester). No significant differences in the friction properties of skin were found between the age groups despite skin elasticity being significantly lower in the aged persons. Skin hydration was significantly higher in the elderly, whereas no significant differences were observed in either skin pH value or sebum content. Conclusion: Adhesion is usually assumed to be the dominant factor in skin friction, but our observations imply that deformation is also an important factor in the friction of aged skin. In the elderly, lower skin elasticity and skin turgor are associated with more pronounced skin tissue displacements and greater shear forces during frictional contact, emphasizing the importance of friction reduction in wound‐prevention programmes.

show abstract

Tribological testing of skin products: gender, age, and ethnicity on the volar forearm

Abstract: The properties of the volar forearm appear to be independent of age, gender, and ethnicity. Also, the simultaneous measurement of friction and electrical impedance was useful in differentiating between compounds administered to the skin.

Cited by 70 publications

References 12 publications

Influence of epidermal hydration on the friction of human skin against textiles

Influence of epidermal hydration on the friction of human skin against textiles

Barefoot-Pedestrian Tribometry: In Vivo Method of Measurement of Available Friction between the Human Heel and the Walkway

Skin–textile friction and skin elasticity in young and aged persons

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About