Trichinellosis from consumption of wild game meat

McIntyre, Lorraine; Pollock, Sue; Fyfe, Murray; Gajadhar, Alvin A.; Isaac-Renton, Judy; Fung, Joe; Morshed, Muhammad

doi:10.1503/cmaj.061530

Cited by 27 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Undercooked meat from walrus, bear, cougar, and wild boar can also be a source of trichinellosis (173,185). The main diagnostic criterion for trichinellosis is a history of eating undercooked meat, especially pork products, together with the clinical detection of blood eosinophilia.…”

Section: Other Infectious Agents Less Commonly Causing Eosinophilic Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on Eosinophilic Meningoencephalitis and Its Clinical Relevance

2009

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SUMMARY Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis is caused by a variety of helminthic infections. These worm-specific infections are named after the causative worm genera, the most common being angiostrongyliasis, gnathostomiasis, toxocariasis, cysticercosis, schistosomiasis, baylisascariasis, and paragonimiasis. Worm parasites enter an organism through ingestion of contaminated water or an intermediate host and can eventually affect the central nervous system (CNS). These infections are potentially serious events leading to sequelae or death, and diagnosis depends on currently limited molecular methods. Identification of parasites in fluids and tissues is rarely possible, while images and clinical examinations do not lead to a definitive diagnosis. Treatment usually requires the concomitant administration of corticoids and anthelminthic drugs, yet new compounds and their extensive and detailed clinical evaluation are much needed. Eosinophilia in fluids may be detected in other infectious and noninfectious conditions, such as neoplastic disease, drug use, and prosthesis reactions. Thus, distinctive identification of eosinophils in fluids is a necessary component in the etiologic diagnosis of CNS infections.

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Section: Other Infectious Agents Less Commonly Causing Eosinophilic Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on Eosinophilic Meningoencephalitis and Its Clinical Relevance

2009

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“…are commonly found in wild mammals in Canada that hunt or scavenge (Appleyard and Gajadhar, 2000;Gajadhar and Forbes, 2010). All human cases since 1980 originating in Canada have been linked to meat from harvested wildlife, primarily walruses (Odobenus rosmarus) and black bears (Ursus americanus), but including a grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) and imported wild boar (Sus scrofa; Appleyard and Gajadhar, 2000;Serhir et al, 2001;McIntyre et al, 2007, Houze et al, 2009. Determination of the prevalence and genotype of Trichinella spp.…”

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confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Trichinella spp. in Black Bears, Grizzly Bears, and Wolves in the Dehcho Region, Northwest Territories, Canada, Including the First Report of T. nativa in a Grizzly Bear from Canada

Larter

Forbes

Elkin

et al. 2011

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:Samples of muscle from 120 black bears (Ursus americanus), 11 grizzly bears (Ursus arctos), and 27 wolves (Canis lupus) collected in the Dehcho Region of the Northwest Territories from 2001 to 2010 were examined for the presence of Trichinella spp. larvae using a pepsin-HCl digestion assay. Trichinella spp. larvae were found in eight of 11 (73%) grizzly bears, 14 of 27 (52%) wolves, and seven of 120 (5.8%) black bears. The average age of positive grizzly bears, black bears, and wolves was 13.5, 9.9, and approximately 4 yr, respectively. Larvae from 11 wolves, six black bears, and seven grizzly bears were genotyped. Six wolves were infected with T. nativa and five with Trichinella T6, four black bears were infected with T. nativa and two with Trichinella T6, and all seven grizzly bears were infected with Trichinella T6 and one of them had a coinfection with T. nativa. This is the first report of T. nativa in a grizzly bear from Canada. Bears have been linked to trichinellosis outbreaks in humans in Canada, and black bears are a subsistence food source for residents of the Dehcho region. In order to assess food safety risk it is important to monitor the prevalence of Trichinella spp. in both species of bear and their cohabiting mammalian food sources.

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“…Of the 34 outbreaks documented, 20 (59%) were caused by the consumption of bear meat, 13 (38%) from walrus meat and in one case (3%) from the consumption of either walrus or seal meat. Most outbreaks of trichinellosis in Canada have been due to Trichinella nativa or Trichinella genotype T6 which is generally found in game animals such as black bears, grizzly bears, polar bears and walrus (31,32) In Alaska, Trichinella infections are reportable to SOE and the OSV. Trichinella can be detected in muscle tissue by laboratory methods that use artificial digestion of muscle tissues followed by microscopy or DNA analysis by PCR.…”

Section: Trichinellosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Zoonotic infections in Alaska: disease prevalence, potential impact of climate change and recommended actions for earlier disease detection, research, prevention and control

Hueffer

Parkinson²,

Gerlach

et al. 2013

International Journal of Circumpolar Health

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Over the last 60 years, Alaska's mean annual temperature has increased by 1.6°C, more than twice the rate of the rest of the United States. As a result, climate change impacts are more pronounced here than in other regions of the United States. Warmer temperatures may allow some infected host animals to survive winters in larger numbers, increase their population and expand their range of habitation thus increasing the opportunity for transmission of infection to humans. Subsistence hunting and gathering activities may place rural residents of Alaska at a greater risk of acquiring zoonotic infections than urban residents. Known zoonotic diseases that occur in Alaska include brucellosis, toxoplasmosis, trichinellosis, giardiasis/cryptosporidiosis, echinococcosis, rabies and tularemia. Actions for early disease detection, research and prevention and control include: (1) determining baseline levels of infection and disease in both humans and host animals; (2) conducting more research to understand the ecology of infection in the Arctic environment; (3) improving active and passive surveillance systems for infection and disease in humans and animals; (4) improving outreach, education and communication on climate-sensitive infectious diseases at the community, health and animal care provider levels; and (5) improving coordination between public health and animal health agencies, universities and tribal health organisations.

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Trichinellosis from consumption of wild game meat

Cited by 27 publications

References 6 publications

Update on Eosinophilic Meningoencephalitis and Its Clinical Relevance

Update on Eosinophilic Meningoencephalitis and Its Clinical Relevance

Prevalence of Trichinella spp. in Black Bears, Grizzly Bears, and Wolves in the Dehcho Region, Northwest Territories, Canada, Including the First Report of T. nativa in a Grizzly Bear from Canada

Zoonotic infections in Alaska: disease prevalence, potential impact of climate change and recommended actions for earlier disease detection, research, prevention and control

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