Trichomonas vaginalis: pathogenicity and potential role in human reproductive failure

Mielczarek, Ewelina; Błaszkowska, Joanna

doi:10.1007/s15010-015-0860-0

Cited by 116 publications

(132 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…T. vaginalis infection upregulates the expression of the TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 in epithelial cells, which may play a role in the initiation of the host immune response against the parasite . Upon contact of T. vaginalis with VECs, a number of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as IL‐8, IL‐6 and macrophage inflammatory protein‐3α are released …”

Section: Innate Immunity During T Vaginalis Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…T. vaginalis is an obligate extracellular parasite that colonizes the human urogenital tract . The infection is mostly asymptomatic with 70% of infected men and 50% of infected women showing no obvious symptoms . T. vaginalis commonly infects women in the reproductive age, and an infection can lead to vaginitis, adnexitis, pyosalpingitis, endometritis, infertility, bacterial vaginosis, and elevated risk of cervical cancer, human papilloma virus (HPV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Trichomonas vaginalis express many virulence factors such as adhesins, cysteine proteinases (CPs), cell‐detaching factors, pore‐forming proteins, phospholipase‐A‐like proteins, saposin‐like proteins, glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase, α‐enolase, legumain‐like CPs and triacylglycerol lipase . The pathological events that occur during T. vaginalis infection include parasite cytoadherence to vaginal epithelial cell (VECs), cytotoxicity, host cell detachment, phagocytosis of host cells, induction of apoptosis, degradation of mucosal and extracellular matrix, haemolysis and induction of inflammatory responses . The interaction between T. vaginalis ‐related virulence factors and the host's immune system influences the clinical outcome of infection …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Humoral and T cell–mediated immune response against trichomoniasis

Nemati

Malla

Yadav

et al. 2018

Parasite Immunology

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Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis) infection leads to the synthesis of specific antibodies in the serum and local secretions. The profile of T. vaginalis-specific antibodies and T cell-mediated immune responses may influence the outcome of infection, towards parasite elimination, persistence or pathological reactions. Studies have indicated that Th1-, Th17- and Th22 cell-related cytokines may be protective or pathogenic, whereas Th2- and Treg cell-related cytokines can exert anti-inflammatory effects during T. vaginalis infection. A number of T. vaginalis-related components such as lipophosphoglycan (TvLPG), α-actinin, migration inhibitory factor (TvMIF), pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFO), legumain-1 (TvLEGU-1), adhesins and cysteine proteases lead to the induction of specific antibodies. T. vaginalis has acquired several strategies to evade the humoral immune responses such as degradation of immunoglobulins by cysteine proteases, antigenic variation and killing of antibody-producing B cells. The characterization of the T. vaginalis-specific antibodies to significant immunogenic molecules and formulation of strategies to promote their induction in vaginal mucosa may reveal their potential protective effects against trichomoniasis. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of antibody and T cell-mediated immune responses to T. vaginalis and highlight novel insights into the possible role of immune responses in protection against parasite.

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Section: Innate Immunity During T Vaginalis Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Humoral and T cell–mediated immune response against trichomoniasis

Nemati

Malla

Yadav

et al. 2018

Parasite Immunology

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“…Approximately 62% of this igure is women. Trichomoniasis is commonly asymptomatic (70-100% of male population and 35-85% of female population) and transmission between partners easily occurs [27,28].…”

Section: Sexually Transmited Parasitic Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Introductory Chapter: The Latest Knowledge

Yardımcı¹,

Serdaroğlu²,

Kutlubay³

2017

Fundamentals of Sexually Transmitted Infections

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“…It has been recognized as a cause of vaginitis and cervicitis in women, and asymptomatic urethritis and prostatitis in men [2]. In recent years, T. vaginalis infection is related to preterm-deliveries and stillbirth [3], increased transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) [4], and cervical cancers [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Protein Expressions in Virus-Infected and Uninfected Trichomonas vaginalis

Gong

et al. 2017

Korean J Parasitol

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Protozoan viruses may influence the function and pathogenicity of the protozoa. Trichomonas vaginalis is a parasitic protozoan that could contain a double stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus, T. vaginalis virus (TVV). However, there are few reports on the properties of the virus. To further determine variations in protein expression of T. vaginalis, we detected 2 strains of T. vaginalis; the virus-infected (V+) and uninfected (V−) isolates to examine differentially expressed proteins upon TVV infection. Using a stable isotope N-terminal labeling strategy (iTRAQ) on soluble fractions to analyze proteomes, we identified 293 proteins, of which 50 were altered in V+ compared with V− isolates. The results showed that the expression of 29 proteins was increased, and 21 proteins decreased in V+ isolates. These differentially expressed proteins can be classified into 4 categories: ribosomal proteins, metabolic enzymes, heat shock proteins, and putative uncharacterized proteins. Quantitative PCR was used to detect 4 metabolic processes proteins: glycogen phosphorylase, malate dehydrogenase, triosephosphate isomerase, and glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, which were differentially expressed in V+ and V− isolates. Our findings suggest that mRNA levels of these genes were consistent with protein expression levels. This study was the first which analyzed protein expression variations upon TVV infection. These observations will provide a basis for future studies concerning the possible roles of these proteins in host-parasite interactions.

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Trichomonas vaginalis: pathogenicity and potential role in human reproductive failure

Abstract: These results contribute significantly to improving our knowledge of the role of parasitic virulence factors in the development of infection and its role in human infertility.

Cited by 116 publications

References 82 publications

Humoral and T cell–mediated immune response against trichomoniasis

Humoral and T cell–mediated immune response against trichomoniasis

Introductory Chapter: The Latest Knowledge

Differential Protein Expressions in Virus-Infected and Uninfected Trichomonas vaginalis

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