Triclosan

Kampf, Günter

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-98785-9_9

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 135 publications

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“…Studies have established a relationship between bacterial resistance to TCS and BC and multidrug resistance (MDR) − due to overlapping mechanisms of resistance, despite varied mechanisms of action . TCS can specifically target lipid synthesis in cells, effectively inhibiting normal cell growth, ,, while other cell components can also be targeted depending on concentration . BC and other QACs disrupt the phospholipid bilayer, resulting in membrane leakage. ,, Bacteria achieve reduced susceptibility to these antimicrobials via general mechanisms, such as efflux pumps and strengthened cell walls or outer membranes ,− ,− that also impart resistance to other antibiotic compounds.…”

Section: Introduction/backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of Time, Taxonomy, and Selective Antimicrobials to Antibiotic and Multidrug Resistance in Wastewater Bacteria

Gray

Arora‐Williams

Young

et al. 2020

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The use of nontherapeutic broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents triclosan (TCS) and benzalkonium chloride (BC) can contribute to bacterial resistance to clinically relevant antibiotics. Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria within wastewater may reflect the resistance burden within the human microbiome, as antibiotics and pathogens in wastewater can track with clinically relevant parameters during perturbations to the community. In this study, we monitored culturable and resistant wastewater bacteria and cross-resistance to clinically relevant antibiotics to gauge the impact of each antimicrobial and identify factors influencing cross-resistance profiles. Bacteria resistant to TCS and BC were isolated from wastewater influent over 21 months, and cross-resistance, taxonomy, and monthly changes were characterized under both antimicrobial selection regimes. Cross-resistance profiles from each antimicrobial differed within and between taxa. BC-isolated bacteria had a significantly higher prevalence of resistance to “last-resort antibiotic” colistin, while isolates resistant to TCS exhibited higher rates of multidrug resistance. Prevalence of culturable TCS-resistant bacteria decreased over time following Food and Drug Administration (FDA) TCS bans. Cross-resistance patterns varied according to sampling date, including among the most clinically important antibiotics. Correlations between strain-specific resistance profiles were largely influenced by taxonomy, with some variations associated with sampling date. The results reveal that time, taxonomy, and selection by TCS and BC impact features of cross-resistance patterns among diverse wastewater microorganisms, which could reflect the variety of factors influencing resistance patterns relevant to a community microbiome.

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Section: Introduction/backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of Time, Taxonomy, and Selective Antimicrobials to Antibiotic and Multidrug Resistance in Wastewater Bacteria

Gray

Arora‐Williams

Young

et al. 2020

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Antifungal activity of boric acid, triclosan and zinc oxide against different clinically relevant Candida species

Gavilanes-Martínez

Coral-Garzón

Cáceres

et al. 2021

Mycoses

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Background The genus Candida includes about 200 different species, but only a few are able to produce disease in humans. The species responsible for the highest proportion of human infections is Candida albicans. However, in the last two decades there has been an increase in the proportion of infections caused by other Candida species, including C. glabrata (Nakaseomyces glabrata), C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, C. krusei (Pichia kudriavzevi) and more recently C. auris. Decolonisation of patients has been used as an infection control strategy for bacterial infections, but information about decolonisation products used in clinical practice for Candida and other fungal pathogens is limited. Compounds with antimicrobial activity, such as triclosan (TR), boric acid (BA) and zinc oxide (ZO), are mainly used in personal care products. These products can be used for long periods of time without an abrasive skin effect and are a possible alternative for patient decolonisation in healthcare settings. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of boric acid (BA), triclosan (TR) and zinc oxide (ZO), individually and combined, against clinically relevant Candida species. Materials and methods Compounds to be screened for antifungal activity were evaluated at different concentrations, alone, and combined, using a well diffusion assay. The statistical evaluation was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a post hoc analysis using the multiple comparisons method. Results Individually, BA and TR showed antifungal activity against all Candida species evaluated but ZO did not show any antifungal activity. Mixtures of BA [5%]—TR [0.2%]; BA [5%]—TR [0.3%]; BA [5%]—TR [0.2%]—ZO [8.6%]; and BA [5%]—TR [0.2%]—ZO [25%] yielded the highest antifungal activity. An increased antifungal effect was observed in some mixtures when compared with individual compounds. Conclusions We demonstrated antifungal activity of BA and TR against multiple Candida species, including against a clade of the emerging healthcare‐associated pathogen C. auris. Additionally, this study shows enhancement of the antifungal effect and no antagonism among the mixtures of these compounds. Further research is needed to determine whether these compounds can reduce the burden of Candida on skin.

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Triclosan

Cited by 2 publications

References 135 publications

Contribution of Time, Taxonomy, and Selective Antimicrobials to Antibiotic and Multidrug Resistance in Wastewater Bacteria

Contribution of Time, Taxonomy, and Selective Antimicrobials to Antibiotic and Multidrug Resistance in Wastewater Bacteria

Antifungal activity of boric acid, triclosan and zinc oxide against different clinically relevant Candida species

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