Recently, the catalytic activity of Lindqvist-type hexamolybdate
[Mo6O19]2– in the oxidation
of an aniline derivative (LPhNH2, L = substituent) was
demonstrated by Wei and co-workers (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
2021, 60, 6382–6385). Herein, taking phenylamine (PhNH2) oxidation to azobenzene (PhNNPh) as a model reaction, we
report the density functional theory investigation of the catalytic
mechanism of [Mo6O19]2– and
illustrate the critical experimental phenomena. During the catalytic
reaction, once the preassociation of [Mo6O19]2– and PhNH2 takes place, electron
transfer and proton transfer immediately proceed to form an N radical
intermediate. The higher the highest occupied molecular orbital energy
of the substrate, the easier the formation of the N radical intermediate.
The N–N bond formation proceeds via the second PhNH2 nucleophilic attack on the N radical intermediate. The substituent
position and the N reaction site of the substrate have a significant
effect on the second PhNH2 nucleophilic attack process.
In the reaction process, the six MoVI of [Mo6O19]2– are still hexacoordinated, which
is defined as the outer-sphere pathway. One of the factors determining
the product selectivity is the electrostatic repulsion between LPhNH2 and the N radical intermediate. The experiment reveals that
the product yield is increased by the addition of Na2S2O3, while the catalytic reaction is completely
deactivated with Na2CO3 or K3PO4. Based on the proposed mechanism, the experimental observation
was rationalized. The S2O3
2– part of Na2S2O3 has a similar function
as the electron-withdrawing substituent due to its low lowest unoccupied
molecular orbital (LUMO) energy, which reduces the LUMO energy of
the N radical intermediate and thus facilitates PhNH2 nucleophilic
attack, while the CO3
2– part of Na2CO3 or PO4
3– part
of K3PO4 has an undesirable effect on the electrophilicity
of the N radical intermediate, resulting in the interruption of the
catalytic reaction. This work would provide a detailed understanding
of the catalytic reaction.