Trigeminal Chemesthesis

Cometto‐Muñiz, J. Enrique; Simons, Christopher T.

doi:10.1002/9781118971758.ch50

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 248 publications

(275 reference statements)

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“…26 It has been reported that these substances activate different trigeminal receptors to various degrees, and topographical differences exist among the different stimulants. 26,27…”

Section: Evaluating Trigeminal Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants and Evaluation of Nasal Airflow Perception

Shen

Hur

et al. 2017

Facial plast Surg

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The sensation of nasal airflow, or nasal airway patency, is an important consideration in the treatment outcome of nasal airway obstruction. Clinicians striving to optimize the nasal passageway have relied on techniques aimed at decreasing peak airway resistance across nasal valves. Nonetheless, the evaluation of the nasal airway is multifaceted, and the objective determinants of subjective nasal patency remain incompletely elucidated. While rhinomanometry, peak nasal inspiratory airflow, and acoustic rhinometry have traditionally been used in research to focus on resistance as a measure of patency, an emerging body of evidence suggests that subjective nasal patency is more significantly correlated to the dynamic change of nasal mucosal temperature. The objective of this review is to provide the technical background on nasal airflow perception and intranasal trigeminal function as crucial to those performing functional and aesthetic rhinosurgery.

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“…26 It has been reported that these substances activate different trigeminal receptors to various degrees, and topographical differences exist among the different stimulants. 26,27…”

Section: Evaluating Trigeminal Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants and Evaluation of Nasal Airflow Perception

Shen

Hur

et al. 2017

Facial plast Surg

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“…Olfaction is dependent upon the first and fifth cranial nerves. While the qualitative odour sensations are conducted by the olfactory nerve, the somatosensory sensations are transmitted by the trigeminal nerve [28].…”

Section: Type Of Olfactory Lossmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethyl alcohol threshold test: a fast, reliable and affordable olfactory Assessment tool for COVID-19 patients

Calvo‐Henríquez¹,

Maldonado-Alvarado²,

Chiesa‐Estomba

et al. 2020

Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol

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Objective COVID-19 patients may present mild symptoms. The identification of paucisymptomatic patients is paramount in order to interrupt the transmission chain of the virus. Olfactory loss could be one of those early symptoms which might help in the diagnosis of COVID-19 patients. In this study, we aim to develop and validate a fast, inexpensive, reliable and easy-to-perform olfactory test for the screening of suspected COVID-19 patients. Study design Phase I was a case-control study and Phase II a transversal descriptive study. Subjects and methods Olfaction was assessed with the ethyl alcohol threshold test and symptoms with visual analogue scales. The study was designed in two phases: In Phase I, we compared confirmed COVID-19 patients and healthy controls. In Phase II, patients with suspected COVID-19 infection referred for testing were studied. Results 275 participants were included in Phase I, 135 in Phase II. The ROC curve showed an AUC of 0.749 in Phase I, 0.737 in Phase II. The cutoff value which offered the highest amount of correctly classified patients was ≥ 2 (10% alcohol) for all age intervals. The odds ratio was 8.19 in Phase I, 6.56 in Phase II with a 75% sensitivity. When cases report normal sense of smell (VAS < 4), it misdiagnoses 57.89% of patients detected by the alcohol threshold test. Conclusion The olfactory loss assessed with the alcohol threshold test has shown high sensitivity and odds ratio in both patients with confirmed COVID-19 illness and participants with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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“…The trigeminal nerve is the largest cranial nerve that carries sensory information to the oral, ocular, and nasal mucosa [137,185,186]. The trigeminal nerves are innervated in both the respiratory and olfactory mucosa.…”

Section: The Trigeminal Nerve Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Nose to brain delivery of antiretroviral drugs in the treatment of neuroAIDS

Sarma

Das

2020

Mol Biomed

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NeuroAIDS (Neuro Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) or HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) associated neuronal abnormality is continuing to be a significant health issue among AIDS patients even under the treatment of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). Injury and damage to neurons of the brain are the prime causes of neuroAIDS, which happens due to the ingress of HIV by direct permeation across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) or else via peripherally infected macrophage into the central nervous system (CNS). The BBB performs as a stringent barricade for the delivery of therapeutics drugs. The intranasal route of drug administration exhibits as a non-invasive technique to bypass the BBB for the delivery of antiretroviral drugs and other active pharmaceutical ingredients inside the brain and CNS. This method is fruitful for the drugs that are unable to invade the BBB to show its action in the CNS and thus erase the demand of systemic delivery and thereby shrink systemic side effects. Drug delivery from the nose to the brain/CNS takes very less time through both olfactory and trigeminal nerves. Intranasal delivery does not require the involvement of any receptor as it occurs by an extracellular route. Nose to brain delivery also involves nasal associated lymphatic tissues (NALT) and deep cervical lymph nodes. However, very little research has been done to explore the utility of nose to brain delivery of antiretroviral drugs in the treatment of neuroAIDS. This review focuses on the potential of nasal route for the effective delivery of antiretroviral nanoformulations directly from nose to the brain.

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Trigeminal Chemesthesis

Cited by 10 publications

References 248 publications

Determinants and Evaluation of Nasal Airflow Perception

Determinants and Evaluation of Nasal Airflow Perception

Ethyl alcohol threshold test: a fast, reliable and affordable olfactory Assessment tool for COVID-19 patients

Nose to brain delivery of antiretroviral drugs in the treatment of neuroAIDS

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