Trigemino-Bulbar Reflex Pathways

Green, John D.; Groot, Jacob De; Sutin, Jerome

doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1957.189.2.384

Cited by 59 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…Developmental studies of human and rat fetuses have demonstrated that perioral stimuli elicit head movements along with oral responses (Humphrey, 1964;Narayanan et al, 1986). Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius contraction can be elicited by direct stimulation of the Gasserian ganglion of the adult cat (Green et al, 1957). Intracellular responses have Received for publication April 26, 1991 Accepted for publication September 8,1993 been elicited in splenius and trapezius motoneurons following stimulation ofboth Vi (supra-orbital nerve) and V2…”

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confidence: 99%

Co-activation of Sternocleidomastoid Muscles During Maximum Clenching

et al. 1993

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In an attempt to determine the degree of co-activation present in selected cervical muscles during clenching, we instructed 12 male subjects to produce four brief maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) efforts (clenching) in a position of maximum intercuspation. Surface EMG activity was recorded bilaterally from the masseter and sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscles. The contraction level for the SCM during clenching was reported as a percentage of the SCM's maximum activity achieved during maximum neck flexion against resistance. All EMG signals for the masseter and SCM were converted to a true RMS voltage signal and digitized at a 100-Hz sampling rate. Mean peak EMG voltage levels were determined for the activity recorded during each brief MVC task. All subjects demonstrated co-activation of the SCM during strong abrupt clenching efforts. The mean levels (+/- S.D.) of SCM activity were 11.8 +/- 9.6% (right) and 14.2 +/- 9.4% (left) of the MVC capacity. Fifty percent of masseter activity was required to achieve 5% activity of the SCM bilaterally, and there was a progressive development of the SCM co-activation which paralleled the masseter activation.

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Co-activation of Sternocleidomastoid Muscles During Maximum Clenching

et al. 1993

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“…Neurons of the three divisions of the cranial nerve V and cranial nerves VII, IX, and X share in the same neuron pool with neurons from the upper cervical segments. [26][27][28] It is well known that trigeminal influences participate in the neuromuscular program during habitual occlusion. 29 Therefore, trigeminal inputs from periodontal, TMJ, and muscular receptors may be playing some role in the modulation of the motor neuron pools of the masseter and sternocleidomastoid muscles when the jaw position varies from intercuspal position to any eccentric jaw posture task.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, a closely organized neurophysiological reflex relationship appears to exist between the tonic neck reflex activity and trigeminal reflex activity. [26][27][28][31][32][33][34] From a central neuromechanisms point of view, the influence of the visual system must be considered, because the subjects were asked to keep their eyes open while the EMG recordings were performed. It is well known that this system plays an important role in the perception of head position and in the coordination of eye, head, and neck movements by influencing masseter and sternocleidomastoid muscle activity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clenching and Grinding: Effect on Masseter and Sternocleidomastoid Electromyographic Activity in Healthy Subjects

et al. 2009

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This study compares the effect of clenching and grinding on masseter and sternocleidomastoid electromyographic (EMG) activity during different jaw posture tasks in the sagittal plane. The study included 34 healthy subjects with natural dentition, Class I bilateral molar Angle relationship, and absence of posterior occlusal contacts during mandibular protrusion. An inclusion criterion was that subjects had to be free of signs and symptoms of any dysfunction of the masticatory system. Bipolar surface electrodes were located on the right masseter and sternocleidomastoid muscles. EMG activity was recorded while the subjects were in standing position, during the following jaw posture tasks: A. maximal clenching in the intercuspal position; B. grinding from intercuspal position to edge-to-edge protrusive contact position; C. maximal clenching in the edge-to-edge protrusive contact position; D. grinding from edge-to-edge protrusive contact position to intercuspal position; E. grinding from retrusive contact position to intercuspal position. EMG activities in tasks B, C, D, and E were significantly lower than in task A in both muscles (mixed model with unstructured covariance matrix). EMG activity among tasks B, C, D, and E did not show significant differences in both muscles, except between tasks D and E in the masseter muscle. A higher effect was observed on the masseter than on the sternocleidomastoid muscle to avoid excessive muscular activity during clenching and grinding. The EMG patterns observed could be of clinical importance in the presence of parafunctional habits, i.e., clenching and/or grinding.

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“…In an attempt to provide a measure of the central nervous modulation of cardiac vagal activity, we have examined the net effect on heart rate of the simultaneous application of the trigeminal and muscle heart reflexes. Because the afferent inputs from the two reflexes are anatomically and functionally distinct [47], it can be argued that their combined effects are a consequence of an interaction within the central nervous system. The net effects of simultaneous isometric muscle contraction and trigeminal stimulation on heart rate were significantly greater after β-blocker therapy compared with placebo, indicating a central effect with both β-blockers.…”

Section: A Central or Peripheral Effect Of β-Blockers: Is Lipophilicimentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of opposing reflex stimuli and heart rate variability to examine the effects of lipophilic and hydrophilic β-blockers on human cardiac vagal control

et al. 1999

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Evidence from animal studies suggests that beta-blockers can act within the central nervous system to increase cardiac vagal motoneuron activity. We have attempted to determine whether such an effect is evident in healthy humans, by examining the effects of lipophilic and hydrophilic agents on heart rate variability and cardiac vagal reflexes. A total of 20 healthy volunteers took part in the study. Autonomic studies were performed after 72 h of treatment with placebo, atenolol or metoprolol in a blinded cross-over design. ECG recordings were taken at rest and during mental and orthostatic stress. Heart rate variability was measured in the time and frequency domains. The effects on heart rate of two opposing cardiac vagal reflexes were examined. Trigeminal stimulation causing vagal stimulation, and isometric forearm muscle contraction ('muscle heart reflex') causing vagal inhibition, were performed alone and simultaneously. At rest, during mental stress and during trigeminal stimulation, beta-blocker therapy was associated with significantly increased high-frequency beat-to-beat heart rate variability when compared with placebo. There were no significant differences in effects on heart rate or heart rate variability between atenolol and metoprolol. Analysis of the muscle heart reflex, alone and with simultaneous trigeminal stimulation, showed that the magnitude of the R-R interval response was significantly greater after beta-blocker therapy compared with placebo, but the effects of atenolol and metoprolol were equivalent. beta-Blocker therapy increased cardiac vagal activity, as shown by measures of high-frequency heart rate variability and reflex studies. Lipophilic and hydrophilic beta-blockers appeared to be equally efficacious in increasing the cardiac vagal modulation of heart rate.

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Trigemino-Bulbar Reflex Pathways

Cited by 59 publications

References 0 publications

Co-activation of Sternocleidomastoid Muscles During Maximum Clenching

Co-activation of Sternocleidomastoid Muscles During Maximum Clenching

Clenching and Grinding: Effect on Masseter and Sternocleidomastoid Electromyographic Activity in Healthy Subjects

Use of opposing reflex stimuli and heart rate variability to examine the effects of lipophilic and hydrophilic β-blockers on human cardiac vagal control

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