Trigonelline Inhibits Inflammation and Protects β Cells to Prevent Fetal Growth Restriction during Pregnancy in a Mouse Model of Diabetes

Abstract

Background: As an active component from traditional Chinese medicine, trigonelline has a protective effect on diabetes. This study evaluated the protective effects of trigonelline on diabetic mice during pregnancy. Methods: Diabetes was induced in female mice by intraperitoneal injection for continuous 5-day of 40 mg/kg/day streptozotocin. Female mice were divided into 4 groups after they were allowed to mate with normal male mice: nondiabetic, nondiabetic treated with trigonelline (70 mg/kg) for 18 days, diabetic, and diabetic treated with trigonelline (70 mg/kg). Results: Diabetic pregnant mice had significantly higher levels of blood glucose, serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, insulin, and leptin but lower serum omentin-1 level and insulin sensitivity index than the nondiabetic ones. Trigonelline improved the hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and adipocytokine of diabetic pregnant mice. Diabetic pregnant mice had significantly reduced fetus numbers, fetal weight, and fetal/placental ratio, which were reversed by trigonelline. Trigonelline prevented the increase in proinflammatory cytokines and reduced interleukin-10 level in placenta of diabetic pregnant mice. Trigonelline increased β-cell replication and the decreased β-cell mass, and decreased the β-cell apoptosis of diabetic pregnant mice. Conclusion: These findings suggest that trigonelline protects diabetic pregnancy partly by suppressing inflammation, regulating the secretion of adipocytokines, increasing β-cell mass, replication, and decreasing β-cell apoptosis.

Induction of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) mediated gene expression and inhibition of induced nitric oxide production by Maerua subcordata (Gilg) DeWolf

“…Different plant parts contain active compounds that act at multiple targets in the inflammatory response pathways and regulate a multitude of chemical mediators, enzymes, genes or cellular functions to alleviate inflammation [30] and hence, outcomes of assays that utilize extracts are expected to reflect a net effect of such potential multitarget interactions that may also apply to M. subcordata extracts. The PPARγ agonists' ability to inhibit inflammatory responses by repressing NF-κB target genes has been linked to the prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome and diabetes [77,78]. Likewise, the induction of PPARγ mediated gene expression as well as inhibition of NO production by M. subcordata extracts and candidate constituents thereof may imply that M. subcordata may have potential anti-inflammatory effects possibly by inhibiting NF-κB signalling pathways although the data in the present study are not enough to claim anti-inflammatory effects and that further studies are required.…”

Development and optimization of a method for determining betaine and trigonelline in the fruits of Lycium species by using solid‐phase extraction combined with high‐performance liquid chromatography–diode array detector

“…Noteworthily, trigonelline was first identified in Lycium fruits, and its content distribution in different Lycium species also was conducted and varied. Several previous studies have been focused on the protective effects of trigonelline on testicular tissue injury induced by heat stress in mice, or the treatment of nephrotic syndrome [23–25]. Trigonelline must be further investigated to determine whether it acts as a new quality and bioactive marker responsible for its pharmacological activities and quality assessments of Lycium fruits.…”

Trigonelline through the Attenuation of Oxidative Stress Exerts Antidepressant- and Anxiolytic-Like Effects in a Mouse Model of Maternal Separation Stress

“…It has been reported that TRG exists in many plant species such as Allium sepapea, Pissum sativum, Glycine max, Zea mays, Hordeum vulgare, Lycopersicon esculentum, and Coffea spp. There is evidence that TRG possessed different pharmacological effects like hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, neuroprotective, antimigraine, sedative, memory-improving, antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-tumor activities [21][22][23][24]. The present study was designed to investigate the antidepressant-and anxiolytic-like effects of TRG in a mouse model of MS stress focusing on oxidative stress parameters including NO, MDA, and antioxidant capacity.…”