Trilateral Planning Model for Integrated Community Energy Systems and PV-Based Prosumers—A Bilevel Stochastic Programming Approach

Abstract

This paper proposes a trilateral bilevel stochastic mixed integer bilevel linear programming (MIBLP) model to handle a joint master-slave operation-planning problem. This model considers the interactions among an integrated community energy system (ICES), prosumers, and the wholesale electricity market (WM). The ICES, in the upper level, makes a joint optimal photovoltaic (PV) and energy storage system plan taking into account the concurrent interactions with the WM and prosumers to maximize its profit. On the other hand, in the lower level, the prosumers aim at minimizing their bills via an optimal PV-package sizing while interacting with the ICES and the WM simultaneously. The strong duality theorem is used to recast this MIBLP model into an equivalent single-level model. Since the lower level is also an operation-planning problem, this recast results in a mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model that prevents finding a satisfactory solution. To remedy this issue, sensitivity analysis and a separation-based linearization technique are applied. Numerical results illustrate the effective performance of the proposed business model while providing valuable information for the ICES and consumers.

Electricity Cost-Sharing in Energy Communities Under Dynamic Pricing and Uncertainty

“…The model analyses the impact of different flexible appliances on electricity cost reduction compared to the case with fixed consumption. The existing literature body considers the effect of uncertainty of demand or RES production on the cost [16], battery scheduling in DA and RT optimization [17], adjusting the energy schedule with RT trading with the retailer in order to keep the predefined agreed p2p volume [19], dealing with forecasting error [20], [40], the uncertainty of market prices and demand on the profit due to contract violations between the local energy system and consumers [27], optimal size of battery and PV modules [41]. However, this paper looks into pricing mechanisms stimulating final prosumers equipped with PV and flexible appliances to adjust their RT operational points to predefined DA schedules by explicitly modelling their uncertainty aspects.…”

Bonus-Based Demand Response Using Stackelberg Game Approach for Residential End-Users Equipped With HVAC System

“…Since the lower-level problem is linear, it is possible to recast the presented bilevel problem into a single-level nonlinear equivalent by using the strong duality theorem [26]. It should be mentioned that while in such reformulations the privacy remains questionable, it is a suitable method to avoid the iterative/heuristic-based approaches for solving bilevel programming problems [27].…”

Review on Coordinated Planning of Source-Network-Load-Storage for Integrated Energy Systems

“…Building a clean, low-carbon, safe, and efficient modern energy system is the goal and requirement of the energy development plan of China. The structural characteristics (Cheng L. et al, 2019), unit modeling (Liu N. et al, 2019;Zhu et al, 2019), energy flow, and optimal planning (Pourakbari-Kasmaei et al, 2020;Yang W. et al, 2020) of IES have been analyzed and discussed in many studies. General modeling technology and comprehensive simulation method are tools for the study of IES, and multi-energy flow calculation is the basis for the analysis of IES.…”