Trimerization of isobutene over cation exchange resins: Effect of physical properties of the resins and reaction conditions

Alternative thermochemical routes for aviation biofuels via alcohols synthesis: Process modeling, techno-economic assessment and comparison

“…Amberlyst-15, a cationic ion-exchange resin, is frequently used as the catalytic medium for isobutene oligomerization thank to its very good performance related to high conversion rates (over 90%) and very good selectivity on dimmers (diisobutylene), trimers (triisobutylene) and tetramers (tetraisobutylene) [73][74][75]. Alternatively, zeolites are also implemented presenting very good performance [76] but rapid deactivation has been observed [75,77].…”

Gas Phase Oligomerization of Isobutene over Acid Treated Kaolinite Clay Catalyst

“…As the conversion increases, the selectivity of dimers decreases while that of trimers increases. This result was expected because the oligomerization reaction is a consecutive reaction (from monomer to dimer, dimer to trimer, and trimer to tetramer) [13,33].…”

Alkenes oligomerization with resin catalysts

“…They are used in processes involving reactions such as etherification, esterification, acetalization, hydration, hydrolysis, alkylation and oligomerization [1,2,[22][23][24][25][26][27]. More specifically, resin catalysts are used for propylene hydration to yield isopropyl alcohol (IPA), to produce methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) from acetone, and mainly in the synthesis of methyl t-butylether (MTBE) by etherification of isobutene with methanol (MeOH) [2].…”

“…functionalized with carboxylic acid groups) are inappropriate oligomerization catalysts whereas strong acid resins, such as sulfonic acid ion exchange resins, are much more suitable [54]. Examples of preferred resin catalysts are Amberlyst-15, -35 and -36 [11,22,41,42,44], Purolite-CT275 [17,41,55], Nafion [1] and Indion-125 and -130 [56].…”