Triphenyl methyl phosphonium tosylate as an efficient phase transfer catalyst for ultrasound-assisted oxidative desulfurization of liquid fuel

Removal of single and dual ring thiophene’s from dodecane using cavitation based processes

“…This trend is confirmed by our results, as DBT and DMDBT achieved 64.8 % and 57.3 % conversion respectively whereas 22.2 % was obtained for BT. This trend is agreeable with the majority of literature comparing different pollutants with similar trends for AC based systems with PTAs [40] , [41] , ionic liquids [42] and heterogeneous catalysts [43] . To attempt to realistically assess real world applications, a pool of pollutants should be utilised to mimic the S composition of transport fuels.…”

Sono-oxidative desulfurization of fuels using heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts: A comprehensive review

“…In addition, acetic acid is relatively low-cost [176] . In studies [97] , [165] , [177] in which desulfurization of crude oil, coal and model diesel fuel with the help of US by using acetic acid-HP oxidant system was performed, it was indicated that high desulfurization efficiency is reached in a short time at relatively low temperatures. The oxidation of sulfur compounds is caused by peroxyacetic acid and hydroxyl radicals formed in situ in the aqueous phase.…”

“…However, the high viscosity of ionic liquids, their costly synthesis [203] , and the change in the solubility [204] of the fuel in the ionic liquid according to the anions and cations formed depending on the starting raw materials, and more importantly, the presence of aromatic groups [177] , [189] such as imidazolium in IL significantly that reduces the desulfurization reactivity of thiophenes, especially abundant in petroleum products, due to steric hindrance make the UAODS process very difficult to be feasible using ionic liquid.…”

Sonocatalytic oxidative desulfurization of diesel oil using a novel BiVO4/FeMn LDH nanocomposite

“…(e) The ultrasonic method involves chemical effects (i.e., radicals produced by the sudden collapse of cavitation bubbles). 28,[30][31][32][33][34][35] There are many materials used in UAODS, such as phosphotungstic acid/activated carbon 36 and reduced graphene oxidebased phosphomolybdic acid. 37 Desai et al used an ionic liquid as an efficient phase transfer catalyst for UAODS.…”