Triple-Mesoscopic Carbon Perovskite Solar Cells: Materials, Processing and Applications

Abstract

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have already achieved comparable performance to industrially established silicon technologies. However, high performance and stability must be also be achieved at large area and low cost to be truly commercially viable. The fully printable triple-mesoscopic carbon perovskite solar cell (mCPSC) has demonstrated unprecedented stability and can be produced at low capital cost with inexpensive materials. These devices are inherently scalable, and large-area modules have already been fabricated using low-cost screen printing. As a uniquely stable, scalable and low-cost architecture, mCPSC research has advanced significantly in recent years. This review provides a detailed overview of advancements in the materials and processing of each individual stack layer as well as in-depth coverage of work on perovskite formulations, with the view of highlighting potential areas for future research. Long term stability studies will also be discussed, to emphasise the impressive achievements of mCPSCs for both indoor and outdoor applications.

Indoor Perovskite Photovoltaics for the Internet of Things—Challenges and Opportunities toward Market Uptake

“…[ 240 ] Moreover, mesoscopic PPVs perform better in the early morning and late evening, but their PCE gets lower around. [ 241 ] Consequently, mesoscopic PPVs had been thought in the past to work better for lower illumination levels and ‐practically‐ indoor low light, be it either from a bulb or outdoor light through the window. They were thus considered suitable candidates for indoor applications and the IoT.…”

“…They were thus considered suitable candidates for indoor applications and the IoT. [ 45,241 ] Recent advances, however in literature indicate a record output power density of 56.43 µWcm −2 for a planar inverted architecture (year 2020) [ 43 ] with a layer structure glass/ITO/NiO X /MAPbI 3 /PCBM/BCP/Ag, at a small active area (<1 cm 2 ) and 200 Lux halogen lighting. Larger areas of 5.68 cm 2 still hold a record output power density of 13.8 µW cm −2 since 2019 with repeatable results for a planar normal architecture with a layer structure of glass/ITO/MoO 3 /TPTPA/µΑPI/C 60 /TmPyPB/spiro‐MeOTAD/Au (all layers evaporated) and 200 Lux halogen lighting.…”

Green solvent engineering for enhanced performance and reproducibility in printed carbon-based mesoscopic perovskite solar cells and modules

“…Precursor infiltration can be influenced by several factors, including viscosity, wetting, colloidal diameters and crystallisation dynamics. 8,27,32,33 The following section will therefore examine the impact of MeOH addition on precursor viscosity, wetting, colloidal composition, and the resultant MAPbI 3 crystal properties.…”

“…5,6 Mesoscopic carbon-based perovskite solar cells (CPSCs) are frequently described as a potential frontrunner for PSC commercialization, as they are fabricated using easily scaled manufacturing processes and use stable, low-cost carbon electrodes in place of costly and unstable organic hole transport materials such as SPIRO-OMe-TAD. 7,8 Cell and modules are fabricated via sequential screen printing of thick mesoporous TiO 2 , ZrO 2 and carbon layers, before drop casting of the perovskite precursor. [9][10][11][12] Modules of up to 198 cm 2 are already present in the literature, as well as examples applying common industrial techniques such as Near-infra-red (NIR) annealing and inkjet printing.…”

Proton Radiation Hardness of Perovskite Solar Cells Utilizing a Mesoporous Carbon Electrode

“…As a reference, the current record PCE of mesoporous carbon electrode cells is 17.02%, however, compared to our work, their devices utilize a NiO HTL and they used a two‐step deposition method to infiltrate a triple cation perovskite. [ 37 ] From here onward, we will concentrate on the AM0 performance as this is more appropriate when considering the aerospace applications of these m‐CPSCs. At 1 sun AM0, the champion cell has PCE > 10%, and the J sc is higher than that at 1 sun AM1.5G, as the light intensity of 1 sun AM0 is about 1.36 times higher than that at 1 sun AM1.5G (while the V OC and FF are similar to that under 1 sun AM1.5G).…”