Tripping Elicits Earlier and Larger Deviations in Linear Head Acceleration Compared to Slipping

Arena, Sara L.; Davis, Junior; Grant, J. W.; Madigan, Michael L.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0165670

Cited by 14 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…However, nothing with mass can have an instantaneous acceleration change to achieve the theoretical step change. The fastest real head movements are achieved in ~5 to 10 ms (Arena et al 2016). For otoliths to follow such fast movement requires an underdamped system with light damping, to accurately report real-time acceleration.…”

Section: Damping Of Otolithic Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of mechanical and synaptic processes in otolith transduction of sound and vibration for clinical VEMP testing

Curthoys

Grant

Pastras

et al. 2019

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Older studies of mammalian otolith physiology have focused mainly on sustained responses to low-frequency (<50 Hz) or maintained linear acceleration. So the otoliths have been regarded as accelerometers. Thus evidence of otolithic activation and high-precision phase locking to high-frequency sound and vibration appears to be very unusual. However, those results are exactly in accord with a substantial body of knowledge of otolith function in fish and frogs. It is likely that phase locking of otolith afferents to vibration is a general property of all vertebrates. This review examines the literature about the activation and phase locking of single otolithic neurons to air-conducted sound and bone-conducted vibration, in particular the high precision of phase locking shown by mammalian irregular afferents that synapse on striolar type I hair cells by calyx endings. Potassium in the synaptic cleft between the type I hair cell receptor and the calyx afferent ending may be responsible for the tight phase locking of these afferents even at very high discharge rates. Since frogs and fish do not possess full calyx endings, it is unlikely that they show phase locking with such high precision and to such high frequencies as has been found in mammals. The high-frequency responses have been modeled as the otoliths operating in a seismometer mode rather than an accelerometer mode. These high-frequency otolithic responses constitute the neural basis for clinical vestibular-evoked myogenic potential tests of otolith function.

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Section: Damping Of Otolithic Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of mechanical and synaptic processes in otolith transduction of sound and vibration for clinical VEMP testing

Curthoys

Grant

Pastras

et al. 2019

Journal of Neurophysiology

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“…The first step of such a response is recognising the onset of the perturbation, achieved though integration of visual, somatosensory and vestibular sensory information. The contribution of each sensory system may vary with perturbation type due to differences in the perception of motion [ 37 ]. Stability can then be recovered through a number of strategies, such as compensatory stepping, counter rotation or grasping actions [ 25 , 26 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review of gait perturbation paradigms for improving reactive stepping responses and falls risk among healthy older adults

McCrum

Gerards

Karamanidis

et al. 2017

Eur Rev Aging Phys Act

150

145

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BackgroundFalls are a leading cause of injury among older adults and most often occur during walking. While strength and balance training moderately improve falls risk, training reactive recovery responses following sudden perturbations during walking may be more task-specific for falls prevention. The aim of this review was to determine the variety, characteristics and effectiveness of gait perturbation paradigms that have been used for improving reactive recovery responses during walking and reducing falls among healthy older adults.MethodsA systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE and CINAHL databases in December 2015, repeated in May 2016, using sets of terms relating to gait, perturbations, adaptation and training, and ageing. Inclusion criteria: studies were conducted with healthy participants of 60 years or older; repeated, unpredictable, mechanical perturbations were applied during walking; and reactive recovery responses to gait perturbations or the incidence of laboratory or daily life falls were recorded. Results were narratively synthesised. The risk of bias for each study (PEDro Scale) and the levels of evidence for each perturbation type were determined.ResultsIn the nine studies that met the inclusion criteria, moveable floor platforms, ground surface compliance changes, or treadmill belt accelerations or decelerations were used to perturb the gait of older adults. Eight studies used a single session of perturbations, with two studies using multiple sessions. Eight of the studies reported improvement in the reactive recovery response to the perturbations. Four studies reported a reduction in the percentage of laboratory falls from the pre- to post-perturbation experience measurement and two studies reported a reduction in daily life falls. As well as the range of perturbation types, the magnitude and frequency of the perturbations varied between the studies.ConclusionsTo date, a range of perturbation paradigms have been used successfully to perturb older adults’ gait and stimulate reactive response adaptations. Variation also exists in the number and magnitudes of applied perturbations. Future research should examine the effects of perturbation type, magnitude and number on the extent and retention of the reactive recovery response adaptations, as well as on falls, over longer time periods among older adults.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s11556-017-0173-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…It is regarded as a fall impact. Various fall experiments have suggested that the acceleration value at impact is approximately 4-11 m/s 2 with different ranges depending on the type or direction of the fall [17]. It has been reported that impact acceleration of a backward fall is approximately 25% greater than that of a forward fall through kinematic analysis of human body segments [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acceleration Magnitude at Impact Following Loss of Balance Can Be Estimated Using Deep Learning Model

Kim

Choi

Heo

et al. 2020

Sensors

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Pre-impact fall detection can detect a fall before a body segment hits the ground. When it is integrated with a protective system, it can directly prevent an injury due to hitting the ground. An impact acceleration peak magnitude is one of key measurement factors that can affect the severity of an injury. It can be used as a design parameter for wearable protective devices to prevent injuries. In our study, a novel method is proposed to predict an impact acceleration magnitude after loss of balance using a single inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor and a sequential-based deep learning model. Twenty-four healthy participants participated in this study for fall experiments. Each participant worn a single IMU sensor on the waist to collect tri-axial accelerometer and angular velocity data. A deep learning method, bi-directional long short-term memory (LSTM) regression, is applied to predict a fall’s impact acceleration magnitude prior to fall impact (a fall in five directions). To improve prediction performance, a data augmentation technique with increment of dataset is applied. Our proposed model showed a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 6.69 ± 0.33% with r value of 0.93 when all three different types of data augmentation techniques are applied. Additionally, there was a significant reduction of MAPE by 45.2% when the number of training datasets was increased by 4-fold. These results show that impact acceleration magnitude can be used as an activation parameter for fall prevention such as in a wearable airbag system by optimizing deployment process to minimize fall injury in real time.

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Tripping Elicits Earlier and Larger Deviations in Linear Head Acceleration Compared to Slipping

Cited by 14 publications

References 34 publications

A review of mechanical and synaptic processes in otolith transduction of sound and vibration for clinical VEMP testing

A review of mechanical and synaptic processes in otolith transduction of sound and vibration for clinical VEMP testing

A systematic review of gait perturbation paradigms for improving reactive stepping responses and falls risk among healthy older adults

Acceleration Magnitude at Impact Following Loss of Balance Can Be Estimated Using Deep Learning Model

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