Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate perturbs the expression of genes involved in immune response and lipid and steroid metabolism in chicken embryos

Bioconcentration, metabolism and alterations of thyroid hormones of Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) in Zebrafish

“…Several recent studies have described the potential hepatotoxicity of TDCPP to chicken embryos (Farhat et al, 2013(Farhat et al, , 2014a, but few studies have investigated the bioconcentration and metabolism of TDCPP in fish liver. In the present study, we found high levels of TDCPP and its metabolite BDCPP in the liver tissue, as well as a high ratio of BDCPP to TDCPP, indicating great bioconcentration potential for TDCPP and metabolic activity in fish liver.…”

“…TDCPP has also been shown to induce hepatic mRNA expression of genes associated with xenobiotic metabolism in chicken embryos, and to disrupt lipid and steroid metabolism to cause a state of cholestatic liver (Farhat et al, 2013(Farhat et al, , 2014b. Additionally, an in vitro study reported that TDCPP could be completely metabolized to BDCPP in chicken embryonic hepatocytes (CEHs), accompanied by the induction of the mRNA abundance of genes associated with phase I and II metabolism and induced cytotoxicity (Farhat et al, 2014a;Crump et al, 2012). However, little information is available on the bioaccumulation and biotransformation of TDCPP in fish.…”

Multigenerational effects of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate on the free-living ciliate protozoa Tetrahymena thermophila exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations and after subsequent recovery

“…Inhibition of growth of individuals by TDCIPP has been reported in chicken and zebrafish embryos exposed to relatively great concentrations and in Daphnia magna and zebrafish larvae exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations (McGee et al, 2012;Farhat et al, 2013Farhat et al, , 2014aFarhat et al, , 2014bFu et al, 2013;Li et al, 2015a;Zhu et al, 2015). Relatively great concentrations of TDCIPP (0.01, 0.1 or 1 mM) for 5 days significantly decreased body size of T. thermophile (Li et al, 2015b).…”

“…Published data suggest that exposure to TDCIPP causes various toxicities depending on organisms tested, such as endocrine disruption (Kojima et al, 2013;Liu et al, 2013;Zhang et al, 2014;Wang et al, 2015a), neural toxicity (Dishaw et al, 2011(Dishaw et al, , 2014Ta et al, 2014;Wang et al, 2015bWang et al, , 2015c, hepatoxicology (Crump et al, 2012;Farhat et al, 2013Farhat et al, , 2014aFarhat et al, , 2014bLiu et al, 2016) and developmental and reproductive toxicity (Liu et al, 2012;Liu et al, 2013;McGee et al, 2012;Farhat et al, 2013;Fu et al, 2013;Wang et al, 2015a). For example, acute exposure to TDCIPP affects embryonic development by delaying remethylation of the zygotic genome and embryonic epiboly and results in significantly greater mortality in embryos of zebrafish (McGee et al, 2012;Fu et al, 2013).…”

“…For example, acute exposure to TDCIPP affects embryonic development by delaying remethylation of the zygotic genome and embryonic epiboly and results in significantly greater mortality in embryos of zebrafish (McGee et al, 2012;Fu et al, 2013). Exposure to TDCIPP decreased lengths of head and bill, masses and size of gallbladder in embryos of chicken (Farhat et al, 2013(Farhat et al, , 2014a(Farhat et al, , 2014b. Using the model aquatic organism and ciliated protozoa T. thermophila, it has been found that acute exposure to TDCIPP decreases biomass by reducing number of cells, size of cells and quantity of cilia (Li et al, 2015b).…”