Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP): A flame retardant in solid waste display hepatotoxic and carcinogenic risks for humans

Saquib, Quaiser; Alsalem, Abdulaziz A.; Siddiqui, Maqsood A.; Ansari, Sabiha M.; Zhang, Xiaowei; Al‐Khedhairy, Abdulaziz A.

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133977

Cited by 25 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…In comparison, 4-nitrophenol is typically more widespread as it is used in the production of a variety of dyes, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides . TBEP is commonly used as a flame retardant in a variety of materials, such as plastics, textiles, and coatings (Li et al, 2014; Saquib et al, 2022). All three are considered endocrine disruptors. − 4-Nitrophenol has also been associated with liver and kidney health implications, even at trace concentrations …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Emerging and Persistent Contaminants in a Mixed-Use Catchment: A Case Study of the Upper Ping in Northern Thailand

Lee,

Ziegler,

Marques dos Santos

et al. 2024

ACS EST Water

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This study investigated the occurrence and concentration of emerging and persistent contaminants (EPC) within a variety of land uses in the Ping River catchment of northern Thailand. Urban sites exhibited the highest levels of contamination, followed by agriculture and rural sites. The high presence of pharmaceuticals, daily use compounds, and industrial-related compounds in urban areas indicates significant contributions of wastewater likely associated with drainage from areas with manufacturing, repair, and medical activities, as well as dense residential living. The ubiquitous occurrence of daily use compounds (caffeine and acesulfame) in all land-use types was an indicator of significant gray water pollution in the catchment. Seasonal variations in EPC occurrence were not significant, possibly due to constant mixing or flushing of EPCs within the large catchment through multiple flow pathways. The complexity of EPC occurrence in the mixed-use catchment was dependent on factors related to EPC usage and processes, both natural and anthropogenic, that affect EPC entry into the environment from a variety of sources and then flow to the river system and, potentially, the groundwater. The findings highlight the heterogeneity and dynamic nature of mixed-use anthropogenic landscapes and emphasize the need for further research on the influence of hydrological connectivity on the EPC presence and intensity in such settings.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…43 In comparison, 4-nitrophenol is typically more widespread as it is used in the production of a variety of dyes, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides. 44 TBEP is commonly used as a flame retardant in a variety of materials, 45 ). All three are considered endocrine disruptors.…”

Section: Influence Of Land Use and Secondary Hydrological Features On...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Emerging and Persistent Contaminants in a Mixed-Use Catchment: A Case Study of the Upper Ping in Northern Thailand

Lee,

Ziegler,

Marques dos Santos

et al. 2024

ACS EST Water

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“…These five OPFRs have dangerous traits when exposed to living beings. TEP exhibited potential neurotoxic and mutagenic effects at high doses [ 12 ],TBP is neurotoxic and irritating even at low concentrations [ 13 , 14 ],TBEP is hepatotoxic and carcinogenic [ 15 , 16 ],and, although TCEP has been currently listed as a priority controlled pollutant in many countries [ 3 ] and replaced by TCPP as a safer flame retardant, they are both carcinogenic and neurotoxic [ 15 , 17 ], and TCEP production has not yet been prohibited [ 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel method for rapid monitoring of OPFRs by LLE and GC–MS as a tool for assessing biodegradation: validation and applicability

Losantos,

Palacios,

Berge

et al. 2024

Anal Bioanal Chem

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Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are high-production volume chemicals widely present in environmental compartments. The presence of water-soluble OPFRs (tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), and triethyl phosphate (TEP)) in water compartments evidences the struggle of conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to effectively eliminate these toxic compounds. This study reports for the first time the use of white-rot fungi as a promising alternative for the removal of these OPFRs. To accomplish this, a simple and cost-efficient quantification method for rapid monitoring of these contaminants’ concentrations by GC–MS while accounting for matrix effects was developed. The method proved to be valid and reliable for all the tested parameters. Sample stability was examined under various storage conditions, showing the original samples to be stable after 60 days of freezing, while post-extraction storage techniques were also effective. Finally, a screening of fungal degraders while assessing the influence of the glucose regime on OPFR removal was performed. Longer chain organophosphate flame retardants, TBP and TBEP, could be easily and completely removed by the fungus Ganoderma lucidum after only 4 days. This fungus also stood out as the sole organism capable of partially degrading TCEP (35% removal). The other chlorinated compound, TCPP, was more easily degraded and 70% of its main isomer was removed by T. versicolor. However, chlorinated compounds were only partially degraded under nutrient-limiting conditions. TEP was either not degraded or poorly degraded, and it is likely that it is a transformation product from another OPFR’s degradation. These results suggest that degradation of chlorinated compounds is dependent on the concentration of the main carbon source and that more polar OPFRs are less susceptible to degradation, given that they are less accessible to radical removal by fungi. Overall, the findings of the present study pave the way for further planned research and a potential application for the degradation of these contaminants in real wastewaters. Graphical Abstract

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“…This accumulation is a cause for concern, as it has been linked not only to asthma in children but also to disturbances in endocrine secretion and an increased likelihood of carcinogenesis in the human body. [38][39][40] Nevertheless, the impact of BPA, BPS and TBEP on organisms at lower trophic levels in the environment remains uncertain, necessitating further research in this area.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The key constituents underlying the combined toxicity of eight cosmetic contaminants towards Vibrio qinghaiensis

Zeng,

Zhang,

Zhou

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts

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Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP): A flame retardant in solid waste display hepatotoxic and carcinogenic risks for humans

Cited by 25 publications

References 89 publications

Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Emerging and Persistent Contaminants in a Mixed-Use Catchment: A Case Study of the Upper Ping in Northern Thailand

Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Emerging and Persistent Contaminants in a Mixed-Use Catchment: A Case Study of the Upper Ping in Northern Thailand

Novel method for rapid monitoring of OPFRs by LLE and GC–MS as a tool for assessing biodegradation: validation and applicability

The key constituents underlying the combined toxicity of eight cosmetic contaminants towards Vibrio qinghaiensis

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