Tris(butadiene) Metal Complexes of the First-Row Transition Metals versus Coupling of Butadiene to Eight- and Twelve-Carbon Hydrocarbon Chains

Abstract

The role that zerovalent nickel plays in catalyzing the trimerization of butadiene to 1,5,9-cyclododecatriene conveys interest in the properties of the tris­(butadiene)metal complexes (C4H6)3M. In this connection the complexes (C4H6)3M (M = Ti–Ni) of the first-row transition metals have been investigated by density functional theory. The intermediate C12H18Ni which has been isolated in the nickel-catalyzed trimerization of butadiene but is too unstable for X-ray crystallography is suggested here to have an open-chain hexahapto η3,3-C12H18 ligand rather than the octahapto such ligand suggested by some investigators. The lowest energy (C4H6)3M structures of the other first-row transition metals from vanadium to cobalt are found to have related structures with open-chain C12H18 ligands having hapticities ranging from four to eight with hexahapto structures being most common. The nickel and cobalt (C12H18)­M derivatives favor low-spin singlet and doublet spin states, respectively, whereas the manganese derivative (C12H18)Mn favors the high-spin sextet state corresponding to the half-filled d5 shell of Mn­(II). A (C4H6)3Cr structure with three separate tetrahapto butadiene ligands analogous to the very stable (η4-C4H6)3M (M = Mo, W) with the favored 18-electron metal configuration is found to be a very high energy structure relative to isomers containing an open-chain C12H18 ligand.