Trisubstituted Imidazole Synthesis: A Review

An eco-compatible access to diversified bisoxazolone and bisimidazole derivatives

“…Imidazole is one of a number of remarkable N-heterocyclic structures which are present in a variety of synthetic pharmaceuticals and natural products. 20 Regardless of the number of reaction protocols that have been established for the synthesis of imidazole moieties, [20][21][22][23][24][25] the development of a highly-efficient synthesis for the preparation of a series of novel bis-imidazoles from easily available substances in a one-step reaction, is one of the most intriguing challenges of modern synthetic chemistry. Recently, 'green-chemistry' syntheses, including the employment of ultrasonic-and microwave-irradiation techniques, have received special interest for achieving this goal.…”

Imidazole derivatives for efficient organic light-emitting diodes

“…Imidazole is stable at 400°C, possesses a considerable aromatic character, and undergoes the usual electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions, which are stable for OLED fabrication [14]. Several imidazole synthesis methods are reported in literatures, such as molecular rearrangement [15], ring opening [16], cyclization [17], parallel synthesis [18], direct oxidative conversion [19], solid-phase synthesis [20], one-pot synthesis [21], twopot synthesis [22], flash vacuum pyrrolysis [23], microreactor [24], ionic-liquid-promoted synthesis technique [25], and the catalytic [26] and chemoenzymatic methods [27,28]. Multicomponent reactions through the cyclocondensation of aromatic aldehyde, ammonium acetate, aniline, and benzyl have been proven to be successful in generating multi-substituted imidazoles in a single synthetic operation (Scheme 1).…”

One-step synthesis of imidazoles from Asmic (anisylsulfanylmethyl isocyanide)

“…The outstanding and diverse bioactivity of imidazole-containing pharmaceuticals [ 6 ], as well as their role as ligands for transition metals [ 7 ], and organocatalysis [ 8 ], has stimulated an array of creative syntheses [ 9 – 10 ]. Among the numerous routes to imidazoles [ 11 – 12 ], the condensation of metalated isocyanides with nitrogenous π-electrophiles is distinguished by excellent efficiency and modularity.…”