Triticale doubled haploid plant regeneration factors linked by structural equation modeling

Abstract

Triticale regeneration via anther culture faces many difficulties, e.g., a low percentage of regenerated plants and the presence of albinos. Plant regeneration may be affected by abiotic stresses and by ingredients added to the induction medium. The latter influences biochemical pathways and plant regeneration efficiency. Among such ingredients, copper and silver ions acting as cofactors for enzymatic reactions are of interest. However, their role in plant tissue cultures and relationships with biochemical pathways has not been studied yet.The study evaluated relationships between DNA methylation, changes in DNA sequence variation, and green plant regeneration efficiency influenced by copper and silver ions during triticale plant regeneration. For this purpose, a biological model based on donor plants and their regenerants, a methylation-sensitive amplified fragment length polymorphism, and structural equation modeling were employed.The green plant regeneration efficiency varied from 0.71 to 6.06 green plants per 100 plated anthers. The values for the components of tissue culture-induced variation related to cytosine methylation in a CHH sequence context (where H is A, C, or T) were 8.65% for sequence variation, 0.76% for DNA demethylation, and 0.58% for de novo methylation. The proposed model states that copper ions affect the regeneration efficiency through cytosine methylation and may induce mutations through, e.g., oxidative processes, which may interfere with the green plant regeneration efficiency. The linear regression confirms that the plant regeneration efficiency rises with increasing copper ion concentration in the absence of Ag ions in the induction medium. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression shows that de novo methylation, demethylation, and copper ions may be involved in the green plant regeneration efficiency. According to structural equation modeling, copper ions play a central role in the model determining the regeneration efficiency.

Induction of Triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) In Vitro Androgenesis in Anther Cultures of F1 Hybrid Combinations, Varieties and Homogeneity Testing of Offspring Generation

“…The primary difference between the two induction media concerned their macro-and microelement composition. The key role of Cu (II) and Ag (I) during androgenesis induction was proved [22][23][24]54]. Thus, modifying the medium composition and adding specific elements to the medium further enhanced the efficiency of androgenesis induction [21,55,56].…”

“…Since then, considerable efforts have been made to improve the efficiency of in vitro androgenesis in triticale using both anther and isolated microspore cultures [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Recently, molecular genetic studies have highlighted the essential role of medium components and revealed the metabolomic changes in the in vitro androgenesis of triticale [22][23][24]. Both methods, anther and isolated microspore cultures, can be efficiently applied, but currently AC is simpler and more cost-effective [21].…”

An insight into tissue culture-induced variation origin shared between anther culture-derived triticale regenerants

“…Some data suggested the significance of DNA methylation changes [ 10 ]. Furthermore, the relationship between components (sequence variation, DNA demethylation and de novo DNA methylation) of TCIV and green plant regeneration efficiency (GPRE) from anther cultures was proposed [ 11 ]. One of the biggest problems with TCIV and GPRE was that there needed to be more tightly defined biological materials to eliminate or lessen the effect of the preexisting variation [ 12 ].…”