Trophic Diversification Out of Ancestral Specialization: An Example from a Radiating African Cyprinid Fish (Genus Garra)

Komarova, Aleksandra S.; Голубцов, А. С.; Левин, Б. А.

doi:10.3390/d14080629

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…Many examples corroborate Liem's paradox suggesting it is a common phenomenon among fishes (e.g., Binning et al, 2009 ; Golcher‐Benavides & Wagner, 2019 ; Robinson & Wilson, 1998 ; Sturmbauer et al, 1992 ; Wagner et al, 2009 ). This phenomenon reduces the prediction of diet by phenotype and provides evidence for the greater trophic plasticity of specialists (see also recent examples from scraping feeders in Komarova et al, 2021 , 2022 ). Previous experimental studies on various diets exposed to Neotropical and East African cichlid species showed outstanding phenotypic plasticity provoked by diet (Meyer, 1987 ; Muschick et al, 2014 ; Schneider et al, 2014 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…This phenomenon reduces the prediction of diet by phenotype and provides evidence for the greater trophic plasticity of specialists (see also recent examples from scraping feeders in Komarova et al, 2021Komarova et al, , 2022. Previous experimental studies on various diets exposed to Neotropical and East African cichlid species showed outstanding phenotypic plasticity provoked by diet (Meyer, 1987;Muschick et al, 2014;Schneider et al, 2014).…”

Section: Thick-lipped Mouth and Trophic Divergencementioning

confidence: 94%

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Speciation and repeated origins of hypertrophied lips in parallel adaptive radiations of cyprinid fish from East Africa

Levin,

Komarova,

Simonov

et al. 2023

Ecology and Evolution

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The evolution of convergent phenotypes is one of the most interesting phenomena of repeated adaptive radiations. Here, we examined the repeated patterns of thick‐lipped or “rubberlip” phenotype of cyprinid fish of the genus Labeobarbus discovered in riverine environments of the Ethiopian Highlands, East Africa. To test the adaptive value of thickened lips, identify the ecological niche of the thick‐lipped ecomorphs, and test whether these ecomorphs are the products of adaptive divergence, we studied six sympatric pairs of ecomorphs with hypertrophied lips and the normal lip structure from different riverine basins. Trophic morphology, diet, stable isotope (δ15N and δ13C) signatures, as well as mtDNA markers and genome‐wide SNP variation, were analyzed. Our results show that thick‐lipped ecomorphs partition trophic resources with generalized ecomorphs in only one‐half of the examined sympatric pairs despite the pronounced divergence in lip structure. In these thick‐lipped ecomorphs that were trophically diverged, the data on their diet along with the elevated 15N values suggest an invertivorous specialization different from the basal omnivorous–detritivouros feeding mode of the generalized ecomorphs. Genetic data confirmed an independent and parallel origin of all six lipped ecomorphs. Yet, only one of those six thick‐lipped ecomorphs had a notable genetic divergence with sympatric non‐lipped ecomorphs based on nuclear SNPs data (FST = 0.21). Sympatric pairs can be sorted by combinations of phenotypic, ecological, and genetic divergence from an ecologically non‐functional mouth polymorphism via ecologically functional polymorphism to a matured speciation stage via divergent evolution.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Thick-lipped Mouth and Trophic Divergencementioning

confidence: 94%

Speciation and repeated origins of hypertrophied lips in parallel adaptive radiations of cyprinid fish from East Africa

Levin,

Komarova,

Simonov

et al. 2023

Ecology and Evolution

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“…The genus Garra is species rich taxon (ca. 90 species) and widely distributed from Southeastern Asia to West Africa including the Middle East (Esmaeili et al, 2016; Komarova et al, 2022). Garra species are highly specialized algae‐scraper fishes that scrape periphyton from stones and rocks using broadened jaws equipped with horny specified scraper structure (Komarova et al, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…90 species) and widely distributed from Southeastern Asia to West Africa including the Middle East (Esmaeili et al, 2016; Komarova et al, 2022). Garra species are highly specialized algae‐scraper fishes that scrape periphyton from stones and rocks using broadened jaws equipped with horny specified scraper structure (Komarova et al, 2022). The species of Garra are diagnosed by the presence of a labial fold forming a gular disc that displays variations in the snout (Kottelat, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scales surface topography: Comparative ultrastructural and decorative characteristics of a modern elasmoid fish scales in a cyprinid fish, Garra shamal (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) using digital optical light and scanning electron microscope imaging

Jufaili

Echreshavi

Esmaeili

2022

Microscopy Res & Technique

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The complex architecture of fish scale has been investigated for several decades to show an existing link between scale morphology/microstructure and systematic/ evolutionary relationships of fishes. In the present study, the surface architecture structure associated with the scales of a hill stream cyprinid fish Garra shamal restricted to the Hajar Mountains of the Arabian Peninsula was examined by optical light and scanning electron microscopy; (i) to describe the whole morphology, architectural design and hidden microstructures of scales in an endemic fish of the Arabian Peninsula, G. shamal, (ii) to investigate the phenotypic plasticity of scales in six selected regions of the fish body, (iii) to show an ontogenetic pattern of scale morphology in different size classes, and (iv) to study morphometric parameters for scales, and determine the most valuable indices for differentiating the scales of different body regions and the different size groups of studied species. For this purpose, scales were removed from six body regions of three size classes. The scale of G. shamal, as an ossified platelet and hard structure covering the outer part of fish in different body parts and size groups, demonstrated numerous hidden morphological and structural characteristics, and sculptural design, for example, type, shape, and size in general term, and circuli (thickness, arrangement, and relative spacing of circuli around the focus), radii (number, shape, its origin from focus), lepidonts (the texture, shape, size, orientation, and type of its attachment), and granules (shape, size, number, and configurations) in a specific term, that can contribute efficiently in fish identification and classification at the genus and species levels. Position of focus, presence of radii in all four fields of scales (anterior, posterior, and laterals) and thus tetra-sectioned type, presence of specific tubercle arrangement on the posterior region, and some scale indices can be used as a taxonomic tool in Garra identification.Moreover, scales in G. shamal demonstrated plasticity in different fish size classes, and the origin of scales on the fish body, revealing a kind of ontogenetic variation, and the importance of key scales (scales below the dorsal fin) in the lepidological studies. The quantitative and qualitative traits described here based on the optical light microscopy and electron scanning microscopy can be implemented along with

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“…The genus comprises about 188 species (Fricke et al, 2022), of which 8 species are found in the inland waters of Oman: G. barreimia Fowler & Steinitz, 1956, G. dunsieri Banister, 1987, G. gallagheri Krupp, 1988, G. longipinni Banister & Clarke, 1977, G. shamal Kirchner, Kruckenhauser, Pichler, Borkenhagen & Freyhof, 2020, G. sharq Kirchner, Kruckenhauser, Pichler, Borkenhagen & Freyhof, 2020, G. sindhae Lyon, Geiger & Freyhof, 2016, and G. smartae Krupp & Budd, 2009. Garra species are highly specialized algae-scraper fishes that scrape periphyton from stones and rocks using broadened jaws equipped with horny specified scraper structures (Komarova et al, 2022). They are diagnosed by the presence of a labial fold forming a gular disc that displays variations in the snout (Kottelat, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imaging scale surface topography of an endemic cyprinid fish, Garra sharq from the Arabian Peninsula: An integrated optical light and scanning electron microscopy approach

2022

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The optical light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy techniques have proven to play a key and noteworthy role in the advancement of morphological studies in general, and in investigating fish scale morphology in particular. These techniques have illustrated several hidden architectural structures in scales that contribute effectively to fish identification and classification. The scale morphological and topological characters such as type, size, shape, lateral surface, focus position, circuli appearance, radii type, lepidonts, and posterior and anterior margin shapes were obtained using macro‐ and microscopic analysis in six body regions for three size classes of Garra sharq, a cyprinid endemic fish of the Arabian Peninsula. The general scale type in the studied G. sharq species was a basal elasmoid cycloid and a sectioned type. As a protective structure, the scales display several specific characteristics including firm attachment to the fish body, overlapping, and thin structure with a high surface area and high strength. These characteristics improve scale resistance to penetration, increase protection against mechanical injury and microbial infection, enhance scale flexibility, reduce fish weight (reduce friction drag), and increase scale transparency. The scales demonstrate plasticity in focus shape, size, and position in the six fish body parts and fish size groups. The examined scales displayed narrow or wide grooves (radii) in three types including primary, secondary, and tertiary present in all four scale fields (anterior, posterior, and laterals), thus a tetra‐sectioned type that is almost specific to the genus Garra. This characteristic also increases scale flexibility. The rostral margin of scales was characterized by the presence of waved and striate types. The lepidont shape and size varied being blunt, flat, pointed, tiny, sharp, short, and long. Some of these scale characters and their morphologies could be used as an alternative tool for identification, classification, and phylogenetic interpretation among the different freshwater fish species and genera.

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Trophic Diversification Out of Ancestral Specialization: An Example from a Radiating African Cyprinid Fish (Genus Garra)

Cited by 10 publications

References 75 publications

Speciation and repeated origins of hypertrophied lips in parallel adaptive radiations of cyprinid fish from East Africa

Speciation and repeated origins of hypertrophied lips in parallel adaptive radiations of cyprinid fish from East Africa

Scales surface topography: Comparative ultrastructural and decorative characteristics of a modern elasmoid fish scales in a cyprinid fish, Garra shamal (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) using digital optical light and scanning electron microscope imaging

Imaging scale surface topography of an endemic cyprinid fish, Garra sharq from the Arabian Peninsula: An integrated optical light and scanning electron microscopy approach

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