“…Additionally, the sediment could act as a sink for CuO-NP and furthermore have negative effects on, for example, the abundance and bioaccumulation of sediment dwelling organisms like Gastrotricha (e.g., Chaetonotus ), Annelida (e.g., Lumbriculus ), and Mollusca (e.g., Lymnea, Physella ). ,,,, In this process, CuO-NP can be transformed more slowly and in a different ration to organic Cu-sulfides and NOM-Cu bound copper compared to added ions (e.g., Cu(NO 3 ) 2 ) resulting in different fate processes. , Avellan et al demonstrated that the persistence and dissolution of NP affects their mobility and accumulation in different compartments. Nanoparticles can also be remobilized and thus become bioavailable and enter the food web, which could subsequently lead to a trophic transfer. ,− The bioavailability of nanoparticulated Cu in fish was twice of that of CuSO 4 . Furthermore, plants could act as a sink for CuO-NP, with a higher deposition/uptake/attachment rate of Cu NP than for Cu(NO 3 ) 2 to plant tissues …”