“…After blastocyst attachment, the luminal epithelial cells surrounding the invading blastocyst undergo apoptosis (Parr et al, 1987; Schlafke et al, 1985; Welsh and Enders, 1991) to facilitate embryo invasion and access to maternal blood supply (Pampfer and Donnay, 1999; Parr et al, 1987). The apoptotic degeneration of the uterine epithelium involves embryo-derived signaling molecules, such as transforming growth factor β (Kamijo et al, 1998; Mahesh et al, 1996) and trophinin (Tamura et al, 2011), and is mediated by caspase 3 (Joswig et al, 2003; Zhang and Paria, 2006). Recent studies have demonstrated that KLF5, a zinc finger-containing transcription factor is primarily expressed in the luminal epithelium throughout the periimplantation stage (Ema et al, 2008; Sun et al, 2012).…”