The genetic similarity observed among species is normally attributed to the existence of
a common ancestor. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that the exchange of
genetic material is not limited to the transfer from parent to offspring but can also
occur through horizontal transfer (HT). Transposable elements (TEs) are DNA fragments with
an innate propensity for HT; they are mobile and possess parasitic characteristics that
allow them to exist and proliferate within host genomes. However, horizontal transposon
transfer (HTT) is not easily detected, primarily because the complex TE life cycle can
generate phylogenetic patterns similar to those expected for HTT events. The increasingly
large number of new genome projects, in all branches of life, has provided an
unprecedented opportunity to evaluate the TE content and HTT events in these species,
although a standardized method of HTT detection is required before trends in the HTT rates
can be evaluated in a wide range of eukaryotic taxa and predictions about these events can
be made. Thus, we propose a straightforward hypothesis test that can be used by TE
specialists and nonspecialists alike to discriminate between HTT events and natural TE
life cycle patterns. We also discuss several plausible explanations and predictions for
the distribution and frequency of HTT and for the inherent biases of HTT detection.
Finally, we discuss some of the methodological concerns for HTT detection that may result
in the underestimation and overestimation of HTT rates during eukaryotic genome
evolution.