Tropical wild fern (Diplazium esculentum) as a new and effective low-cost adsorbent for removal of toxic crystal violet dye

Abstract

A tropical wild fern, Diplazium esculentum, locally known as Pakis, was investigated in this study as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of toxic crystal violet (CV) dye. The adsorbent-adsorbate system reached equilibrium in 180 min and data obtained from batch adsorption experiment were best fitted with the Sips isotherm model. High maximum adsorption capacity (q max ) of 350.86 mg/g compared to many other reported adsorbents revealed the potential of this fern as a low-cost, new adsorbent for the removal of CV. Adsorption mechanism followed the pseudo second-order kinetics. Another attractive feature is its ability to be regenerated and reused, especially when using the base treatment, while maintaining high adsorption of > 96% even at the fifth consecutive cycles.

Adsorption of Cationic Pollutants from Water by Cotton Rope Coated with Cyclodextrin Polymers

“…A concentration of CV of 0.001 mg/L could be toxic and mutagenic to humans and animals [40]. Multitudinous adsorbents have been established for CV removal such as modified rice husk [41,42], tropical wild fern [43], polyamide nanofiber [44], magnetic nanoparticles [45,46], EDTA/graphene oxide functionalized corncob [47], EDTA/β-cyclodextrin insoluble [48], and cyclodextrin nanofiber [49].…”

Removal of Anionic and Cationic Dyes Present in Solution Using Biomass of Eichhornia crassipes as Bioadsorbent

“…Among these dyes are gentian violet (GV) a synthetic cationic dye also known as gentian violet ( Figure 1 a) [ 8 ]. This dye is widely used in the textile and clothing industry to dye cotton, wool, silk, and nylon, in the manufacture of printing, inks, and as a biological colorant used to classify bacteria, dermatological agents in veterinary medicine, and human skin disinfection [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. However, GV is toxic and can be absorbed through the skin causing in extreme cases kidney failure, blindness permanent, and cancer and with 1 ppm it can cause very severe damage to bodies of water since it can cause a significant reduction in the presence of sunlight, inhibiting photosynthesis and producing microtoxicity in aquatic flora and fauna due to its easy adsorption on the skin of fish reducing its metabolism and facilitating the formation of tumors in some species [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ].…”

“…On the other hand, biological treatment is not effective for this type of contaminant due to the low biodegradation of dyes [ 2 , 13 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]. Adsorption has shown to have some advantages over the mentioned methods due to its high efficiency in the removal of dyes from wastewater including dilute solutions, and the absence of sediment produced in its operation [ 4 , 12 , 19 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ]. Different adsorbents have been synthesized for the removal of dyes from clays such as SBA-15, Bentonite, and other materials [ 2 , 4 , 17 , 27 , 28 , 29 ], up to the manufacture of activated carbon from different sources, however, there are large losses and high operating costs due to the possibility of pore blockage, hydroscoping, and incineration when using high temperatures [ 5 , 19 , 22 , 24 , 27 , 28 , 29 ].…”

“…Different adsorbents have been synthesized for the removal of dyes from clays such as SBA-15, Bentonite, and other materials [ 2 , 4 , 17 , 27 , 28 , 29 ], up to the manufacture of activated carbon from different sources, however, there are large losses and high operating costs due to the possibility of pore blockage, hydroscoping, and incineration when using high temperatures [ 5 , 19 , 22 , 24 , 27 , 28 , 29 ]. These drawbacks have encouraged several researchers to study other cheap, abundant materials that have similar efficiency to materials synthesized by chemical processes, therefore the use of agro-industrial residues was considered, which are cheap and, easily available materials that only need a simple pretreatment and are materials with properties that can be exploited in another industry as well as being good candidates for the adsorption of various contaminants [ 8 , 12 , 14 , 19 , 22 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ]. These materials are mainly constituted by lignocellulosic groups, peels of various fruits and vegetables furthermore, these materials have been used as adsorbents of various dyes including PR and GV with good results [ 4 , 5 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 18 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 33 , 35 , 36 ].…”

“…These drawbacks have encouraged several researchers to study other cheap, abundant materials that have similar efficiency to materials synthesized by chemical processes, therefore the use of agro-industrial residues was considered, which are cheap and, easily available materials that only need a simple pretreatment and are materials with properties that can be exploited in another industry as well as being good candidates for the adsorption of various contaminants [ 8 , 12 , 14 , 19 , 22 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ]. These materials are mainly constituted by lignocellulosic groups, peels of various fruits and vegetables furthermore, these materials have been used as adsorbents of various dyes including PR and GV with good results [ 4 , 5 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 18 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 33 , 35 , 36 ].…”