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Glutamate excitotoxicity is a central mechanism contributing to cellular dysfunction and death in various neurological disorders and diseases, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, schizophrenia, addiction, mood disorders, Huntington’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, pathologic pain, and even normal aging-related changes. This detrimental effect emerges from glutamate binding to glutamate receptors, including α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors, kainate receptors, and GluD receptors. Thus, excitotoxicity could be prevented by targeting glutamate receptors and their downstream signaling pathways. However, almost all the glutamate receptor antagonists failed to attenuate excitotoxicity in human patients, mainly due to the limited understanding of the underlying mechanisms regulating excitotoxicity. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels serve as ancient cellular sensors capable of detecting and responding to both external and internal stimuli. The study of human TRP channels has flourished in recent decades since the initial discovery of mammalian TRP in 1995. These channels have been found to play pivotal roles in numerous pathologic conditions, including excitotoxicity. In this review, our focus centers on exploring the intricate interactions between TRP channels and glutamate receptors in excitotoxicity.
Glutamate excitotoxicity is a central mechanism contributing to cellular dysfunction and death in various neurological disorders and diseases, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, schizophrenia, addiction, mood disorders, Huntington’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, pathologic pain, and even normal aging-related changes. This detrimental effect emerges from glutamate binding to glutamate receptors, including α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors, kainate receptors, and GluD receptors. Thus, excitotoxicity could be prevented by targeting glutamate receptors and their downstream signaling pathways. However, almost all the glutamate receptor antagonists failed to attenuate excitotoxicity in human patients, mainly due to the limited understanding of the underlying mechanisms regulating excitotoxicity. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels serve as ancient cellular sensors capable of detecting and responding to both external and internal stimuli. The study of human TRP channels has flourished in recent decades since the initial discovery of mammalian TRP in 1995. These channels have been found to play pivotal roles in numerous pathologic conditions, including excitotoxicity. In this review, our focus centers on exploring the intricate interactions between TRP channels and glutamate receptors in excitotoxicity.
Chronic visceral pain stems from internal organs and is frequently associated with functional gastrointestinal disorders, like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Since the underlying mechanisms of visceral pain remain largely unclear, clinical management is often limited and ineffective. Comprehensive research into the pathogenesis of visceral pain, along with the development of personalized therapeutic strategies, is crucial for advancing treatment options. Studies suggest that imbalances in purinergic receptors and neural circuit function are closely linked to the onset of visceral pain. In this review, we will explore the etiology and pathological mechanisms underlying visceral pain, with a focus on ion channels, epigenetic factors, and neural circuits, using functional gastrointestinal disorders as case studies. Finally, we will summarize and evaluate emerging treatments and potential initiatives aimed at managing visceral pain.
Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is a naturally occurring methylxanthine that acts as a potent central nervous system stimulant found in more than 60 different plants and fruits. Although caffeinated beverages are widely and casually consumed, the application of caffeine beyond dietary levels as pharmacologic therapy has been recognized since the beginning of its recorded use. The analgesic and vasoactive properties of caffeine are well known, but the extent of their molecular basis remains an area of active research. There is existing evidence in the literature as to caffeine’s effect on TRP channels, the role of caffeine in pain management and analgesia, as well as the role of TRP in pain and analgesia; however, there has yet to be a review focused on the interaction between caffeine and TRP channels. Although the influence of caffeine on TRP has been demonstrated in the lab and in animal models, there is a scarcity of data collected on a large scale as to the clinical utility of caffeine as a regulator of TRP. This review aims to prompt further molecular research to elucidate the specific ligand–host interaction between caffeine and TRP by validating caffeine as a regulator of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels—focusing on the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptor and transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) receptor subtypes—and its application in areas of pain.
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