True and intentionally fabricated memories

Justice, Lucy V.; Morrison, Catriona M.

doi:10.1080/17470218.2012.734832

Cited by 8 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Intentionally manipulating memories in consciousness appears to an ability many people have. For example, intentionally imagining false details in an otherwise 'true' memory is something many people find relatively easy (Justice, Morrison, & Conway, 2013). Perhaps many acts of imagery-based memory manipulation are undertaken spontaneously in everyday thinking, i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Switching memory perspective

Akhtar

Justice

Loveday

2017

Consciousness and Cognition

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The perspective in which memories were spontaneously recalled, field (original perspective) or observer (see oneself in the memory), was examined for both recent and remote memories. Recent memories were dominated by field perspective whilst remote memories were dominated by observer perspective. Further, field memories contained reliably more episodic detail than observer memories. After a 1-week interval, the same memories were recalled again but with a switched memory perspective. Switching from an observer to a field perspective did not reliably increase the amount of episodic details in a memory. Switching from field to observer perspective did, however, reliably reduce the number of episodic details. These findings suggest that memories may be represented in long-term memory with a fixed perspective, either field or observer, which can be temporarily altered sometimes changing the nature of a memory, i.e. how much detail remains accessible.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Switching memory perspective

Akhtar

Justice

Loveday

2017

Consciousness and Cognition

Self Cite

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“…According to the Source Monitoring Framework (Johnson et al, 1993), specific characteristics of a mental experience are used to make an online judgment about the source of that experience at retrieval, based on the tendency for memories from different origins tend to have different characteristics. For example, veridical events are typically rated higher in perceptual, emotional, temporal and spatial detail than both imagined events (Johnson et al, 1988; Justice, Morrison, & Conway, 2012) and false memories for childhood events (Heaps & Nash, 2001). When these phenomenological characteristics overlap – for example when repeated imagining increases the recollective experience of a fabricated event (Heaps & Nash, 2001; Lampinen, & Bullington, 2003) – a source monitoring error can occur.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors that influence the generation of autobiographical memory conjunction errors

Devitt

Monk-Fromont

Schacter

et al. 2015

Memory

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The constructive nature of memory is generally adaptive, allowing us to efficiently store, process and learn from life events, and simulate future scenarios to prepare ourselves for what may come. However, the cost of a flexibly constructive memory system is the occasional conjunction error, whereby the components of an event are authentic, but the combination of those components is false. Using a novel recombination paradigm, it was demonstrated that details from one autobiographical memory may be incorrectly incorporated into another, forming autobiographical memory conjunction errors that elude typical reality monitoring checks. The factors that contribute to the creation of these conjunction errors were examined across two experiments. Conjunction errors were more likely to occur when the corresponding details were partially rather than fully recombined, likely due to increased plausibility and ease of simulation of partially recombined scenarios. Brief periods of imagination increased conjunction error rates, in line with the imagination inflation effect. Subjective ratings suggest that this inflation is due to similarity of phenomenological experience between conjunction and authentic memories, consistent with a source monitoring perspective. Moreover, objective scoring of memory content indicates that increased perceptual detail may be particularly important for the formation of autobiographical memory conjunction errors.

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“…For example, veridical events are typically rated higher in perceptual, emotional, temporal and spatial detail, while imagined events contain information about the cognitive operations involved in their generation (Johnson et al, 1988; Justice et al, 2013; McGinnis and Roberts, 1996). To be useful in determining the origin of an experience, information diagnostic of source must be bound at encoding and retrieved with the corresponding memory trace – processes which become less efficient with age.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of False Memory Formation With Agementioning

confidence: 99%

False memories with age: Neural and cognitive underpinnings

2016

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As we age we become increasingly susceptible to memory distortions and inaccuracies. Over the past decade numerous neuroimaging studies have attempted to illuminate the neural underpinnings of aging and false memory. Here we review these studies, and link their findings with those concerning the cognitive properties of age-related changes in memory accuracy. Collectively this evidence points towards a prominent role for age-related declines in medial temporal and prefrontal brain areas, and corresponding impairments in associative binding and strategic monitoring. A resulting cascade of cognitive changes contributes to the heightened vulnerability to false memories with age, including reduced recollective ability, a reliance on gist information and familiarity-based monitoring mechanisms, as well as a reduced ability to inhibit irrelevant information and erroneous binding of features between memory traces. We consider both theoretical and applied implications of research on aging and false memories, as well as questions remaining to be addressed in future research.

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True and intentionally fabricated memories

Cited by 8 publications

References 34 publications

Switching memory perspective

Switching memory perspective

Factors that influence the generation of autobiographical memory conjunction errors

False memories with age: Neural and cognitive underpinnings

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