2000
DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1206
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Abstract: SummaryThe dual properties of genetic instability and clonal expansion allow the development of a tumour to occur in a microevolutionary fashion. A broad range of pressures are exerted upon a tumour during neoplastic development. Such pressures are responsible for the selection of adaptations which provide a growth or survival advantage to the tumour. The nature of such selective pressures is implied in the phenotype of tumours that have undergone selection. We have reviewed a range of immunologically relevant… Show more

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Cited by 29 publications
(3 citation statements)
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“…Most cancer models in immunocompetent mice involve genetic manipulation of tumor suppressor genes, chemical carcinogenesis, or transplant of cancer cells into recipient mice. Furthermore, in tumor transplant models, the cell lines are often derived from advanced-stage tumors (65). These tumors therefore start with a high mutational burden and have already undergone immune selection.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Most cancer models in immunocompetent mice involve genetic manipulation of tumor suppressor genes, chemical carcinogenesis, or transplant of cancer cells into recipient mice. Furthermore, in tumor transplant models, the cell lines are often derived from advanced-stage tumors (65). These tumors therefore start with a high mutational burden and have already undergone immune selection.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, the antitumor function of MMLCs, including the augmentation of adaptive immune responses, has also been reported (710). Note that most of the transplantable mouse tumor models use tumor cell lines originally derived from advanced tumors that have already been subjected to immune selection and thus grow rapidly in vivo (11). Accordingly, these mouse models lack prolonged initial phases of multistage tumor evolution and, for the most part, reflect the immune response as it exists during advanced stages of tumor development at which time protumoral mechanisms already prevail.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It is becoming apparent that human tumor development represents a process of microevolution with a broad range of selective pressures on multiple tumor subclones that harbor different driver and other mutations [49,50]. In addition to many intrinsic and tumor microenvironmental evolutionary pressures, prolonged selective immune pressures result in the development of adaptations that allow a tumor to escape any effective immune responses (Fig.…”
Section: Caveats In Translating Findings From Mouse Tumor Models To Hmentioning
confidence: 99%