Trueness, Flexural Strength, and Surface Properties of Various Three-Dimensional (3D) Printed Interim Restorative Materials after Accelerated Aging

Abstract

Various 3D printing systems for interim fixed dental restorations are commercially available. This study aimed to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of 3D printed resins used for interim restorations fabricated using various 3D printing systems and printing angulations after accelerated aging. Three different interim restorative materials were provided and printed using their specific 3D printing systems (A: NextDent; B: Asiga; C: Nova3D), and the testing specimens from each system were printed at two building angles: (1) 0° and (2) 90°. The six groups were A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, and C2, with sixteen specimens per group. Half of the specimens in each group (N = 8) were subjected to accelerated aging, including simulated brushing and thermocycling. Three-point bending, surface roughness, and Vickers microhardness tests were performed. Two-way ANOVA and Fisher’s multiple tests were used for statistical analyses. The most accurate systems were found in groups C1 and C2 for length, A1 and B1 for width, and A1 and C1 for height. The specimen trueness only changed after aging for groups B1, B2, and C1. The flexural strength of the A2 group (151 ± 7 MPa) before aging was higher than that of the other groups, and the strength decreased after aging only for groups A1 and A2. The flexural strength, microhardness, and surface roughness of the 3D printed interim resins after aging varied depending on the material, system used, and printing angle.

The flexural strength of 3D-printed provisional restorations fabricated with different resins: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“… [ 30 ] Universal testing machine Graphy = 329.3 NextDent = 177.8 NA 3D-printed resin crowns might present a viable alternative for fabricating fixed prostheses for primary teeth Study design [ 38 ] 3-point flexural bend test 3DCS = 143 3DOS = 141 CHP = 76 CAP = 88 Polymerization The tested 3D-printed interim resins outperformed the traditional resins A limited number of materials were investigated and tested [ 32 ] 3-point flexural bend test Cosmos Temp = 56.83 Evolux PMMA = 111.76 Structur 2 SC = 87.34 post-polymerized with 3000 flashes of ultraviolet light Although the mechanical qualities of the milled resin were more significant or comparable to those of the bisacrylic resin, the 3D-printed resin was statistically inferior to both the milled and bisacrylic resins Orientation angles were not considered [ 33 ] 3-point flexural bend test 3D printed = 81.33 Acrylic resin = 72.90 Nanofilled composite resin = 34.97 CAD/CAM PMMA resin = 94.63 Bis-acryl composite resin = 91.57. NA Except for 3D-printed resin, thermocycling lowered the flexural strength of most temporary materials NA [ 35 ] 3-point flexural bend test Before accelerated aging (pre-aging), the flexural strength of the A2 group (151 ± 7) was greater (p < 0.05) than that of the other groups. Polishing and aging After aging, the flexural strength of the 3D-printed interim resins varied based on the material, system, and printing angle.…”

“…Most studies were conducted in South Korea [ 1 , 29 , 30 ] and Brazil [ 31 – 33 ], followed by Saudi Arabia [ 34 , 35 ], China [ 36 ], Turkey [ 37 ], Romania [ 38 ], India [ 39 ], and Germany [ 40 ]. Most studies have employed Digital Light Processing (DLP) [ 30 , 33 , 35 , 38 , 40 ], stereolithography (SLA) [ 32 ], Both DLP and SLA [ 1 , 29 , 34 ], Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) [ 1 ], and mono-liquid Crystal Display (LCD) [ 36 ], with a variety of printed materials, such as acrylic, composite resin, and methacrylate oligomer-based materials. The layer thickness was 50 μm in most studies [ 30 , 34 , 35 , 40 ], and the wavelength/light intensity varied across studies, with a maximum of 405 nm/13.14 mW/cm 2[ 34 ].…”

“…Most studies have employed Digital Light Processing (DLP) [ 30 , 33 , 35 , 38 , 40 ], stereolithography (SLA) [ 32 ], Both DLP and SLA [ 1 , 29 , 34 ], Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) [ 1 ], and mono-liquid Crystal Display (LCD) [ 36 ], with a variety of printed materials, such as acrylic, composite resin, and methacrylate oligomer-based materials. The layer thickness was 50 μm in most studies [ 30 , 34 , 35 , 40 ], and the wavelength/light intensity varied across studies, with a maximum of 405 nm/13.14 mW/cm 2[ 34 ]. The temperature settings, build orientation, and post-curing times were addressed differently (Table 1 ).…”

“…When post-polymerization was conducted with 3000 flashes of ultraviolet light, the cosmos temperature was 56.83, Evolux PMMA was 111.76, and Structur 2 SC was 87.34 [ 32 ]. Moreover, the flexural strength results before accelerated aging (pre-aging) showed that the A2 group had a significantly greater strength of 151 ± 7 MPa ( p < 0.05) than the other groups following the polishing and aging procedures [ 35 ]. The flexural strengths of the 3D polymer-infiltrated ceramic network and nanohybrid composite resin were 83.5, 140.3, and 237.3, respectively [ 40 ].…”