Trypan blue induces apoptosis in human retinal pigment epithelial cells

Long-Term Clinical Outcomes and Therapeutic Benefits of Triamcinolone-Assisted Pars Plana Vitrectomy for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy: A Case Study

“…In the current study, we demonstrated that TA improved the visibility of ERM, allowing their easy, safe, and thorough removal during surgery without the need for ICG and TB staining, which are associated with retinal damage (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12). TA also facilitated excision of the ILM, and greatly improved the visibility of the obscure anterior vitreous and vitreous base.…”

“…The development of indocyanine green (ICG) and trypan blue (TB) staining has greatly facilitated the peeling of the internal limiting membrane (ILM) and epiretinal membrane (ERM) in the treatment of various vitreoretinal diseases; as a result, this technique is now widely used by many surgeons (3)(4)(5). However, numerous clinical and experimental reports have recently suggested that intravitreal injections of ICG and TB can cause retinal damage (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12). We previously reported that triamcinolone acetonide (TA)-assisted PPV reduced the postoperative blood-ocular barrier breakdown with no apparent toxicity during the treatment of various intraocular diseases (13)(14)(15)(16).…”

Comparative evaluation of anatomical and functional outcomes using brilliant blue G versus triamcinolone assisted ILM peeling in macular hole surgery in Indian population

“…ICG and TB, which were amongst the first dyes used, have been reported to cause significant retinal toxicity including apoptotic retinal cell death in vitro; however, clinical studies report conflicting results [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30].…”

Comparison of macular function and visual fields after membrane blue or infracyanine green staining in vitreoretinal surgery

“…Although apoptosis in RPE was shown after in vitro application of MB [9], no postoperative visual field defects were noted after its intraoperative use [10]. ICG shows an inherent toxicity to retinal ganglion cells in a dose-dependent manner [11]; visual field defects [12][13][14][15][16] and RPE-atrophy [17] have also been described.…”