Trypanosoma brucei, T. congolense andT. vivax infections in horses on a farm in Kenya

Kihurani, D.O; Nantulya, V.M.; Mbiuki, SM; Mogoa, E G M; Nguhiu-Mwangi, J.; Mbithi, Pmf

doi:10.1007/bf02239908

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Trypanosoma b. brucei is found in various domestic ungulates but it is particularly virulent in dogs, camels and horses, the latter often succumbing to infection within a few months in the absence of treatment. In areas where more than one trypanosome species is present, mixed infections in domestic animals are often encountered (Kihurani et al 1994; Auty et al 2008; Biryomumaisho et al 2013; Takeet et al 2013; Moti et al 2015) and modern molecular techniques (Desquesnes and Davila, 2002) facilitate speciation. Many wild animal species in Africa also host one or more trypanosome species and can serve as reservoirs for both human and domestic animal infective trypanosomes (Mulla and Rickman, 1988; Auty et al 2012).…”

Section: The Animal Trypanosomiases: Distribution Transmission Hostmentioning

confidence: 99%

The animal trypanosomiases and their chemotherapy: a review

et al. 2016

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SUMMARYPathogenic animal trypanosomes affecting livestock have represented a major constraint to agricultural development in Africa for centuries, and their negative economic impact is increasing in South America and Asia. Chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis represent the main means of control. However, research into new trypanocides has remained inadequate for decades, leading to a situation where the few compounds available are losing efficacy due to the emergence of drug-resistant parasites. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current options available for the treatment and prophylaxis of the animal trypanosomiases, with a special focus on the problem of resistance. The key issues surrounding the main economically important animal trypanosome species and the diseases they cause are also presented. As new investment becomes available to develop improved tools to control the animal trypanosomiases, we stress that efforts should be directed towards a better understanding of the biology of the relevant parasite species and strains, to identify new drug targets and interrogate resistance mechanisms.

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Section: The Animal Trypanosomiases: Distribution Transmission Hostmentioning

confidence: 99%

The animal trypanosomiases and their chemotherapy: a review

et al. 2016

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“…also reported outbreaks in sheep and goats in the Brazilian semi-arid region. To the authors knowledge, the infection by T. vivax in equines was not reported in Brazil until the present study, but in Africa, it is often reported causing disease in horses and donkeys in single or mixed infections with Trypanosoma congolense, Trypanosoma evansi, and Trypanosoma brucei (Kihurani et al 1994;Faye et al 2001;Dhollander et al 2006;Auty et al 2008;Pinchbeck et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…Natural infections by T. vivax in horses, donkeys, and mules are common in West Africa (Kihurani et al 1994;Faye et al 2001;Dhollander et al 2006;Pinchbeck et al 2008) and are also reported in East Africa (Auty et al 2008;Abebe and Wolde 2010). To our knowledge, the infection by T. vivax had not been reported in South American equines before this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Horses naturally infected by Trypanosoma vivax in southern Brazil

et al. 2010

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In this study, we reported the first outbreak of the infection by Trypanosoma vivax in horses in southern Brazil, a non-endemic region where bovines have only recently been found infected by this trypanosome species. We evaluated 12 horses from a farm in southern Brazil, where four horses displayed pale mucous membranes, fever, weight loss, and swelling of abdomen, prepuce, or vulva. The diagnosis of T. vivax was confirmed in four horses by morphological parameters of trypomastigotes in blood smears and species-specific PCR. All T. vivax-infected animals showed anemia, and most showed increased levels of beta-1, beta-2, and gamma globulins. Horses were treated with diminazene aceturate, but cure was not achieved, and the disease relapsed after therapy. These findings demonstrated that Brazilian T. vivax isolates, which were already reported infecting cattle, buffaloes, goats, and sheep, can be highly pathogenic for horses, causing severe disease and even death of the animals due to the recurrence of the infection.

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“…All data analyzed in this paper are provided as supplementary le. [6,43,86,87,92,98,101,103,107,[113][114][115]44,122,142,144,145,152,[178][179][180][181][182]48,184,187,191,229,230,240,248,257,258,262,64,[264][265][266]69,70,[74][75][76] French Guiana [66,146,209,227,261,267,275,172,174,…”

Section: Availability Of Data and Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Distribution, Host Range and Prevalence of Trypanosoma Vivax: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Fetene

Regassa

Büscher

2020

Preprint

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Background Trypanosomosis caused by Trypanosoma vivax is one of the diseases threatening the health and productivity of livestock in Africa and Latin America. T. vivax is mainly transmitted by tsetse flies; however, the parasite has acquired the ability to be also transmitted mechanically by hematophagous dipterans. Understanding its distribution, host range and prevalence is a key step in local and global efforts to control the disease. Methods The study was conducted according to the methodological recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist. A systematic literature search was conducted on three search engines, namely Pubmed, Scopus and CAB Direct, to identify all publications reporting natural infection of T. vivax across the world. All the three search engines were screened using the search term Trypanosome vivax without time and language restrictions. Publications on T. vivax that met our inclusion criteria were considered for systematic review and meta-analysis. Result The study provides a global database of T. vivax, consisting of 899 records from 245 peer reviewed articles in 41 countries. A total of 232,6277 tests were performed on 97 different mammalian hosts, including a wide range of wild animals. Natural infections of T. vivax were recorded in 39 different African and Latin American countries and 47 mammalian host species. All the 245 articles were included into the qualitative analysis, while information from 186 cross-sectional studies was used in the quantitative analysis mainly to estimate the pooled prevalence. Pooled prevalence estimates of T. vivax in buffalo, cattle, dog, dromedary camel, equine, pig, small ruminant and wild animals were 30.6%, 6.4%, 2.6%, 8.4%, 3.7%, 5.5%, 3.8% and 12.9%, respectively. Stratified according to the diagnostic method, the highest pooled prevalences were found with serological techniques in domesticated buffalo (57.6%) followed by equine (50.0%) and wild animals (49.3%).Conclusion The study provides a comprehensive dataset on the geographical distribution and host range of T. vivax and demonstrates the potential of this parasite to invade other countries out of Africa and Latin America.

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Trypanosoma brucei, T. congolense andT. vivax infections in horses on a farm in Kenya

Cited by 12 publications

References 6 publications

The animal trypanosomiases and their chemotherapy: a review

The animal trypanosomiases and their chemotherapy: a review

Horses naturally infected by Trypanosoma vivax in southern Brazil

Global Distribution, Host Range and Prevalence of Trypanosoma Vivax: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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