“…The presence of anti T. cruzi antibodies reported by Rivadeneira, Montes de Oca, Vázquez-Chagoyán, Martínez, Morán, Ochoa, Zambrano, Garg and Varela [ 42 ] in dogs from Colón and Calderón, two urban communities of Portoviejo city in the province of Manabí, located on the pacific coast of Ecuador, during 2018, showed the epidemiological relevance of the dog as a sentinel reservoir and risk factor for Chagas disease spread to humans [ 47 ]. APPs have been studied in humans and animals to evaluate the therapeutic response and the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases [ 36 ].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 98%
“…Samples from 85 dogs were included in the study (30 samples from dogs located in Colon and 55 samples from dogs in Calderon) to detect seroreactivity against T. cruzi , E. canis , E. ewingii , A. phagocytophilum , A. platys , B. burgdorferi , and D. immitis . The 30 dogs from Colon were from a previous study that attempted to detect T. cruzi and other VBDs [ 42 ]. All hemolized, lipemic, and/or icteric samples were discarded and not included in the study.…”
Acute phase proteins have been used as tools for the diagnosis, monitoring, and prognosis of several diseases in domestic animals. However, the dynamics of these proteins in infection by Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease in dogs, is still unknown. The aim of this study was to determine concentrations of acute phase proteins (C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, ferritin and paraoxonase-1) in dogs in a coastal town of Ecuador, with natural Trypanosoma cruzi infection with or without seroreactivity of Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia ewingii, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Anaplasma platys, Borrelia burgdorferi and Dirofilaria immitis. For the detection of Trypanosoma cruzi serum antibodies, two different antigen-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests were implemented. For the detection of seroreactivity of Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia ewingii, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Anaplasma platys, Borrelia burgdorferi and Dirofilaria immitis, an IDEXX SNAP® 4Dx® test was used. To determine the concentration of C-reactive protein and ferritin, an immunoturbidimetric assay was used; haptoglobin concentration was measured using a commercial colorimetric method validated in dogs; a spectrophotometric method was used to determine the serum concentration of paraoxonase-1. Results showed a reduction in the serum levels of paraoxonase-1 in Trypanosoma cruzi-seroreactive dogs, either with or without seroreactivity to other vector-borne diseases. A serum ferritin increment was observed in Trypanosoma cruzi-seroreactive dogs with seroreactivity to any other vector-borne diseases. Our findings suggest that paraoxonase-1 levels are reduced in Trypanosoma cruzi-seroreactive dogs without evident clinical signs of Chagas disease, despite their seroreactivity to the other vector-borne diseases studied. These findings could indicate an oxidative stress response in Trypanosoma cruzi-seroreactive dogs with no evident signs of inflammation.
“…The presence of anti T. cruzi antibodies reported by Rivadeneira, Montes de Oca, Vázquez-Chagoyán, Martínez, Morán, Ochoa, Zambrano, Garg and Varela [ 42 ] in dogs from Colón and Calderón, two urban communities of Portoviejo city in the province of Manabí, located on the pacific coast of Ecuador, during 2018, showed the epidemiological relevance of the dog as a sentinel reservoir and risk factor for Chagas disease spread to humans [ 47 ]. APPs have been studied in humans and animals to evaluate the therapeutic response and the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases [ 36 ].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 98%
“…Samples from 85 dogs were included in the study (30 samples from dogs located in Colon and 55 samples from dogs in Calderon) to detect seroreactivity against T. cruzi , E. canis , E. ewingii , A. phagocytophilum , A. platys , B. burgdorferi , and D. immitis . The 30 dogs from Colon were from a previous study that attempted to detect T. cruzi and other VBDs [ 42 ]. All hemolized, lipemic, and/or icteric samples were discarded and not included in the study.…”
Acute phase proteins have been used as tools for the diagnosis, monitoring, and prognosis of several diseases in domestic animals. However, the dynamics of these proteins in infection by Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease in dogs, is still unknown. The aim of this study was to determine concentrations of acute phase proteins (C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, ferritin and paraoxonase-1) in dogs in a coastal town of Ecuador, with natural Trypanosoma cruzi infection with or without seroreactivity of Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia ewingii, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Anaplasma platys, Borrelia burgdorferi and Dirofilaria immitis. For the detection of Trypanosoma cruzi serum antibodies, two different antigen-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests were implemented. For the detection of seroreactivity of Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia ewingii, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Anaplasma platys, Borrelia burgdorferi and Dirofilaria immitis, an IDEXX SNAP® 4Dx® test was used. To determine the concentration of C-reactive protein and ferritin, an immunoturbidimetric assay was used; haptoglobin concentration was measured using a commercial colorimetric method validated in dogs; a spectrophotometric method was used to determine the serum concentration of paraoxonase-1. Results showed a reduction in the serum levels of paraoxonase-1 in Trypanosoma cruzi-seroreactive dogs, either with or without seroreactivity to other vector-borne diseases. A serum ferritin increment was observed in Trypanosoma cruzi-seroreactive dogs with seroreactivity to any other vector-borne diseases. Our findings suggest that paraoxonase-1 levels are reduced in Trypanosoma cruzi-seroreactive dogs without evident clinical signs of Chagas disease, despite their seroreactivity to the other vector-borne diseases studied. These findings could indicate an oxidative stress response in Trypanosoma cruzi-seroreactive dogs with no evident signs of inflammation.
“…Chickens and dogs serve as crucial sources of blood meals for triatomines in areas endemic for Chagas disease. Furthermore, dogs are an important domestic reservoir of T. cruzi in various Latin American countries [ 56 – 65 ], while chicken coops function as important shelters and breeding sites for triatomines [ 26 – 30 ]. Thus, interventions targeting chickens and dogs hold promise for the control of Chagas disease in humans.…”
Background
Triatoma infestans, Triatoma brasiliensis, Triatoma pseudomaculata and Rhodnius prolixus are vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease. Chickens serve as an important blood food source for triatomines. This study aimed to assess the insecticidal activity of fluralaner (Exzolt®) administered to chickens against triatomines (R. prolixus, T. infestans, T. brasiliensis and T. pseudomaculata).
Methods
Twelve non-breed chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) were randomized based on weight into three groups: negative control (n = 4); a single dose of 0.5 mg/kg fluralaner (Exzolt®) (n = 4); two doses of 0.5 mg/kg fluralaner (Exzolt®) (n = 4). Nymphs of 3rd, 4th and 5th instars of R. prolixus, T. infestans, T. brasiliensis and T. pseudomaculata (all n = 10) were allowed to feed on chickens before treatment, and at intervals of 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 56 days after treatment, with insect mortality determined.
Results
Treatment with two doses of fluralaner showed higher insecticidal efficacy against R. prolixus, T. infestans and T. brasiliensis compared to the single-dose treatment. Similar insecticidal efficacy was observed for T. pseudomaculata for one and two doses of fluralaner. Insecticidal activity of fluralaner (Exzolt®) against triatomine bugs was noted up to 21 and 28 days after treatment with one and two doses of fluralaner, respectively.
Conclusions
The results demonstrate that treatment of chickens with fluralaner (Exzolt®) induces insecticidal activity against triatomines for up to 28 days post-treatment, suggesting its potential use as a control strategy for Chagas disease in endemic areas.
Graphical Abstract
“…In other Latin American countries, the seroprevalence varies according to geographic setting, e.g. 1.9% in Peru [ 84 ], 4.3% in Grenada [ 85 ], 5.2% in French Guiana [ 86 ], 10% in Nicaragua [ 87 ], 4.6–19.9% in Chile [ 88 – 90 ], 11.1–17.6% in Panama [ 91 , 92 ], 6.4–22.1% in Venezuela [ 93 – 96 ], 17.5–53% in Argentina [ 17 , 97 – 99 ], 22% in Bolivia [ 100 ] and 57.1% in Ecuador [ 101 ]. Fig.…”
Background
Chagas disease (CD) is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, which is transmitted mainly through the feces/urine of infected triatomine bugs. The acute phase lasts 2–3 months and is characterized by high parasitemia and nonspecific symptoms, whereas the lifelong chronic phase features symptoms affecting the heart and/or digestive tract occurring in 30–40% of infected individuals. As in humans, cardiac abnormalities are observed in T. cruzi-infected dogs and cats. We reviewed the technological advances in the serological diagnosis of CD in dogs and cats.
Methods
A review of the published literature during the last 54 years (1968–2022) on the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of CD in dogs and cats was conducted.
Results
Using predefined eligibility criteria for a search of the published literature, we retrieved and screened 436 publications. Of these, 84 original studies were considered for inclusion in this review. Dogs and cats are considered as sentinels, potentially indicating an active T. cruzi transmission and thus the risk for human infection. Although dogs and cats are reputed to be important for maintaining the T. cruzi domestic transmission cycle, there are no commercial tests to detect past or active infections in these animals. Most published research on CD in dogs and cats have used in-house serological tests prepared with native and/or full-length recombinant antigens, resulting in variable diagnostic performance. In recent years, chimeric antigens have been used to improve the diagnosis of chronic CD in humans with encouraging results. Some of them have high performance values (> 95%) and extremely low cross-reactivity rates for Leishmania spp., especially the antigens IBMP-8.1 to IBMP-8.4. The diagnostic performance of IBMP antigens was also investigated in dogs, showing high diagnostic performance with negligible cross-reactivity with anti-Leishmania infantum antibodies.
Conclusions
The development of a commercial immunodiagnostic tool to identify past or active T. cruzi infections in dogs and cats is urgently needed. The use of chimeric recombinant T. cruzi antigens may help to fill this gap and is discussed in this review.
Graphical Abstract
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