Trypanosomatid Infections among Vertebrates of Chile: A Systematic Review

Correa, Juana P.; Bacigalupo, Antonella; Yefi-Quinteros, Esteban; Rojo, Gemma; Solari, Aldo; Cattan, Pedro E.; Botto‐Mahan, Carezza

doi:10.3390/pathogens9080661

Cited by 22 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…The different species of triatomine vectors have a geographic distribution in niches and hosts to which they have adapted [ 47 , 48 ], which in turn are inserted in a complex network of host–vector–parasite transmission cycles where there are recurrent genera of reservoir mammals and T. cruzi lineages. In Chile, known triatomine vectors and wild and domestic mammals present different frequencies of infection with T. cruzi , with spatial and temporal variations [ 49 , 50 ], thus maintaining the parasite [ 13 , 51 , 52 ]. In the rodent O. degus , a very abundant species in the semiarid Mediterranean ecosystem, DTU TcI of T. cruzi has been reported with greater occurrence; although, in other wild rodents and Carpra hircus from the Coquimbo Region, there is no preference or specificity of DTUs for any species [ 52 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discrete Typing Units of Trypanosoma cruzi Identified by Real-Time PCR in Peripheral Blood and Dejections of Triatoma infestans Used in Xenodiagnosis Descriptive Study

et al. 2022

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Chagas disease (ChD) is a vector zoonosis native to the American continent caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi; the biological vectors are multiple species of hematophagous insects of the family Triatominae. A relevant aspect in the host–parasite relationship is the identification of the various genotypes of T. cruzi called discrete typing units (DTU) that circulate in mammals and vectors. In Chile, it has been described that the DTUs TcI, TcII, TcV, and TcVI circulate in infected humans, vectors, and wild animals. Identifying DTUs has acquired clinical importance, since it has been suggested that different genotypes could cause distinct pathologies, circulate in different geographical areas, and present different sensitivities to trypanocidal drugs. In this study, circulating T. cruzi DTUs in peripheral blood and Triatoma infestans dejections used in xenodiagnosis (XD) were amplified by qPCR in 14 Chilean patients with chronic ChD from highly endemic areas. More positive samples were detected by XD compared to peripheral blood samples, and 64.28% of the cases were simple infections and 35.72% mixed, with a statistically significant difference in the frequency of TcV DTU. This study would suggest that T. infestans from Chile is more competent to amplify one DTU over others, probably due to a process of co-evolution.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discrete Typing Units of Trypanosoma cruzi Identified by Real-Time PCR in Peripheral Blood and Dejections of Triatoma infestans Used in Xenodiagnosis Descriptive Study

et al. 2022

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“…There have been no reports related to the mites parasitizing humans. Trypanosoma cruzi has been found in native and invasive rodents and in the triatomine vectors Triatoma infestans, Mepraia spinolai, Mepraia gajardoi , and Mepraia parapatrica ( 86 ). To the best of our knowledge, there is no report of these triatomines parasitizing rodents in natural conditions in Chile; thus, analyses of the feeding profiles of the vectors are the main evidence supporting that they parasitize rodents ( 87 ).…”

Section: Vector-borne Zoonosesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parasites of Native and Invasive Rodents in Chile: Ecological and Human Health Needs

et al. 2021

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Invasive populations are a threat to biodiversity, resulting in the loss of species, and also a threat to human health, participating in the reservoir of diseases. Rodents are among the most important invasive species worldwide. Chile is a country that features island conditions in terms of geography and has been widely invaded by allochthonous rodents. In this mini-review, we updated the literature on macro-parasites infecting both native and invasive rodents and of vector-borne pathogens in continental Chile in order to assess the relative importance of invasive rodents from both ecological and public health points of view. A total of 174 parasite species were found, with Siphonaptera representing the most diverse group. When examining how parasites are shared between native and introduced rodents, the analysis suggests that parasites circulate freely within recipient populations, and are not significantly transmitted from source populations. Further, generalist parasites are typically more prone to being shared between native and introduced rodents. Most zoonotic parasites were reported in invasive rodents, suggesting that these rodents must represent a public health concern. Although several vector-borne pathogens have been reported in rodents or ectoparasites, most of the recently emerging research has illustrated that there is a lack of evidence on rodent–vector-borne zoonoses in most pathogens.

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“…[ 27 ], an area with four marked climatic seasons [ 28 ], and the high frequency of T. cruzi infection in its populations [ 29 , 30 , 31 ]. This triatomine species mainly use stockpiles and bromeliads as refuge, where it coexists with small mammals and reptiles; both groups of vertebrates are included in its diet [ 32 , 33 , 34 ] and are part of the sylvatic transmission of T. cruzi in the semiarid Mediterranean ecosystem [ 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ]. In addition, wild-caught M. spinolai individuals exhibit blood stealing between conspecifics, increasing the complexity of T. cruzi transmission under natural conditions [ 40 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Trypanosoma cruzi Infection and Climatic Season Influence the Developmental Capacity in Field-Caught Mepraia spinolai Nymphs

Botzotz

Méndez-Valdés

Ortíz

et al. 2023

Insects

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In this study, we evaluated the effect of the climatic season and infection by Trypanosoma cruzi, etiological agent of Chagas disease, on the molting capacity of the triatomine vector Mepraia spinolai endemic to Chile. We used wild-caught first-to-fourth instar nymphs during cooling (fall and winter) and warming (spring) periods. After capturing, nymphs were fed at the laboratory, and maintained under optimal rearing conditions. Feeding was repeated 40 days later. We followed-up the molting events on 709 nymphs, recording one, two or the absence of molts after two feeding opportunities. Within the same climatic period, only infected second- and fourth-instar nymphs from the warming period showed a larger proportion of double molting compared to uninfected nymphs. Regarding the climatic period, infected and uninfected first- and fourth-instar nymphs exhibited a larger proportion of double molting in the warming and cooling periods, respectively. The pattern of non-molting nymph occurrence suggests they probably reach diapause by environmental stochasticity. The effect of the climatic period and T. cruzi infection on the development of M. spinolai is an instar-dependent phenomenon, highlighting the occurrence of finely synchronized processes at different moments of the life cycle of such an hemimetabolous insect as triatomines.

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Trypanosomatid Infections among Vertebrates of Chile: A Systematic Review

Cited by 22 publications

References 67 publications

Discrete Typing Units of Trypanosoma cruzi Identified by Real-Time PCR in Peripheral Blood and Dejections of Triatoma infestans Used in Xenodiagnosis Descriptive Study

Discrete Typing Units of Trypanosoma cruzi Identified by Real-Time PCR in Peripheral Blood and Dejections of Triatoma infestans Used in Xenodiagnosis Descriptive Study

Parasites of Native and Invasive Rodents in Chile: Ecological and Human Health Needs

Natural Trypanosoma cruzi Infection and Climatic Season Influence the Developmental Capacity in Field-Caught Mepraia spinolai Nymphs

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