Trypanosomiasis and the conservation of black rhinoceros (<i>Diceros bicornis</i>) at the Ngulia Rhino Sanctuary, Tsavo West National Park, Kenya

Mihok, Steve; Munyoki, Eli; Brett, Robert; Jonyo, J.; Röttcher, D; Majiwa, Phelix A.O.; Kang’ethe, Erastus K.; Kaburia, Huphrey F. A.; Zweygarth, E.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1992.tb00484.x

Cited by 33 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…At the Ngulia Rhino Sanctuary, the prevalence of G. pallidipes averaged 3.6%, with three times as many T. vivax as T. congolense infections while Trypanosoma simiae and T. brucei were present but at low frequency (Mihok et al 1992). Bugs of the family Reduviidae (Hemiptera, Heteroptera) have a natural transmission cycle for T. cruzi to a wide range of wild mammals.…”

Section: Biological (Cyclical) Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The clinico-pathology and mechanisms of trypanosomosis in captive and free-living wild animals: A review

2009

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Reports on the clinico-pathology and mechanisms of trypanosomosis in free-living and captive wild animals showed that clinical disease and outbreaks occur more commonly among captive than free-living wild animals. This is because the free-living wild animals co-exist with the disease until subjected to captivity. In exceptional cases however, draught, starvation and intercurrent diseases often compromised trypanotolerance leading to overt trypanosomosis in free-living wild animals. Meanwhile, in captivity, space restriction, reduced social interactions, change in social herd structure, reduced specie-to-specie specific behaviors, altered habitat and translocation were the major stressors that precipitated the disease. The cumulative effect of these factors produced severe physiological and somatic stress leading to diminished immune response due to increased blood cortisol output from adrenal cortex. The major symptoms manifested were pyrexia, innapetence, increased respiration, anaemia, cachexia and death. At necropsy, pulmonary oedema, splenomegally, hepatomegally, lympadenopathy and atrophy of body fats were the gross changes encountered. At the ultra-structural level, the tissues manifested degenerative changes, haemorghages, necrosis and mononuclear cellular infiltrations. The mechanisms of cellular and tissue injuries were primarily associated with physical and metabolic activities of the organisms. From the foregoing, it is evident that stress is the underlying mechanism that compromises trypanotolerance in wild animals leading to severe clinico-pathological effects.

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Section: Biological (Cyclical) Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is because, many cases of presumed resistance to trypanosomosis frequently break down Rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) T. congolense Mihok et al (1992) South America Ocelots (Felis pardalis) T. evansi Hoare (1965).…”

Section: Clinical Signs and Mechanisms Of Trypanosomosis In Wild Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The clinico-pathology and mechanisms of trypanosomosis in captive and free-living wild animals: A review

2009

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“…Trapping experiments were conducted in three areas in Kenya: Nguruman, a hot, dry area west of Lake Magadi with extensive tsetse populations in dense thickets and woodlands following the Oloibortoto River ; Ngulia, a similarly hot and dry area with scattered tsetse populations in Tsavo West National Park (Mihok et al, 1992a); and Shimba Hills National Reserve, a warm, humid area of coastal forest south of Mombasa (Kyorku et al, 1995).…”

Section: Study Areasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hand-net catches of flies were also made occasionally. Finally, on 18 occasions for 12 animals, teneral laboratory-reared tsetse (G. morsitans ceniralis Machado, G. longipennis and G. brevipalpis) were fed directly on immobilized animals to monitor feeding success and to diagnose the presence of trypanosomes (Mihok et al, 1992a(Mihok et al, , 1992b. Groups of 25-50 flies of each species in separate cages were used.…”

Section: Experimental Trappingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Attractiveness of black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) to tsetse flies (Glossinaspp.) (Diptera: Glossinidae) and other biting flies

Mihok

Moloo

Oden'y

et al. 1996

Bull. Entomol. Res.

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During translocations of black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis Linnaeus) in Kenya, we studied the relationships between the rhinoceros and biting flies. In trapping experiments, rhinoceros waste products (urine or dung) were substituted for known attractants such as cow urine, l-octen-3-ol or acetone. Catches of Glossina pallidipes Austen, Glossina longipennis Corti, Stomoxys spp., and Haematopota spp. were not affected by these substitutions. NG2G and Vavoua traps sited near captive animals caught similar numbers and kinds of flies as traps set without animals. Any minor attractive properties of rhinoceros odours were probably due to the presence of known attractants such as 4-cresol and 3-n-propylphenol, which were confirmed to be present through gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. In feeding trials with laboratory-reared tsetse, Glossina brevipalpis Newstead and Glossina morsitans centralis Machado fed well on immobilized animals, whereas G. longipennis fed reluctantly. Catches of G. brevipalpis were doubled in one trapping experiment when rhinoceros urine was used as odour bait. Philoliche spp., Haematopota spp. and other Tabanidae fed on captive rhinoceroses. Many species of Stomoxyinae were associated with rhinoceroses. Of these, the most frequent association was with Rhinomusca dutoiti Zumpt, a species found previously only in South Africa.

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Disease risks associated with wildlife translocation projects

Woodford¹

1994

Creative Conservation

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Trypanosomiasis and the conservation of black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) at the Ngulia Rhino Sanctuary, Tsavo West National Park, Kenya

Cited by 33 publications

References 20 publications

The clinico-pathology and mechanisms of trypanosomosis in captive and free-living wild animals: A review

The clinico-pathology and mechanisms of trypanosomosis in captive and free-living wild animals: A review

Attractiveness of black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) to tsetse flies (Glossinaspp.) (Diptera: Glossinidae) and other biting flies

Disease risks associated with wildlife translocation projects

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