Trypsin Enhances SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Facilitating Viral Entry

Abstract

Coronavirus infects the cell by cytoplasmic or endosomal membrane fusion driven by the spike (S) protein, which must be primed by proteolytic cleavage at the S1/S2 furin cleavage site (FCS) and S2′ site by cellular proteases. Exogenous trypsin as a medium additive facilitates isolation and propagation of several coronaviruses in vitro. Here, we showed that trypsin mediated the enhancement of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in cultured cells and that SARS-CoV-2 entered the cells via either a non-endosomal or an endosomal fusion pathway depending on the presence of trypsin. Interestingly, trypsin enabled viral entry at the cell surface and led to more efficient infection efficiency than trypsin-independent endosomal entry, suggesting that trypsin production in the target organs may trigger high replication of SARS-CoV-2 and cause severe tissue injury. Extensive syncytia formation and enhanced growth kinetics were observed only in the presence of exogenous trypsin for the cell-adapted SARS-CoV-2 strains. During 50 serial passages without trypsin addition, a specific R685S mutation occurred in the S1/S2 FCS (681PRRAR685) that was completely conserved but with several mutations in the S2 fusion subunit in the presence of trypsin. These findings demonstrate that S1/S2 FCS is essential for S protein proteolytic priming and fusion activity for SARS-CoV-2 entry but not for SARS-CoV-2 replication. Our data can contribute to the improvement of SARS-CoV-2 production to develop vaccines or antivirals and motivate further investigations into the explicit functions of cell adaptation-related genetic drift in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis.