Tryptophan Metabolism: Implications for Biological Processes, Health and Disease

Engin, Ayşe Başak

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-15630-9

Cited by 17 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 605 publications

(743 reference statements)

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“…Tryptophan is a precursor to the metabolites serotonin, melatonin, and kynurenine [66]. Most of the daily intake of tryptophan oxidizes down the kynurenine pathway, whilst the rest degrades via serotonin pathways [67]. Tryptophan is metabolized into serotonin and melatonin via the generation of 5-hydroxytryptophan, which includes human peripheral tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (hpTrpH1) or human neural tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (hnTrpH2), depending on whether metabolism occurs in peripheral entero-chromatic cells or neural cells of the CNS.…”

Section: Tryptophan and Its Metabolitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tryptophan is metabolized into serotonin and melatonin via the generation of 5-hydroxytryptophan, which includes human peripheral tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (hpTrpH1) or human neural tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (hnTrpH2), depending on whether metabolism occurs in peripheral entero-chromatic cells or neural cells of the CNS. 5-hydroxytryptophan is then metabolized into serotonin and, further down, into melatonin via the action of different enzymes [66,67]. The kynurenine pathway either involves the generation of kynurenic acid (KA) or the formation of 3-hydroxy-anthranillic acid, further leading to quinolinic acid (QA).…”

Section: Tryptophan and Its Metabolitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…TDO usually leads to nicotinamide dinucleotide (NAD+) in the liver only. However, IDO is known to carry the same extra-hepatical reaction but in much smaller amounts than the enzyme TDO [67]. Additionally, the combination of IDO1 inhibitors together with immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD1) and anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), have opened new avenues towards increasing the efficacy of immuno-oncology in cancer treatment [78][79][80].…”

Section: Tryptophan and Its Metabolitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tryptophan is an essential amino acid that can only be obtained via dietary intake, and a diet with low levels of tryptophan is related to malnutrition or poor diet habits [67]. Shortterm and long-term abuse of alcohol and its associated withdrawal is closely related to tryptophan metabolism/disposition in humans and animals.…”

Section: Tryptophan and Addiction: Meth Addiction As An Examplementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Melatonin is a metabolite of serotonin that is formed via the serotonin pathway through the action of enzymes aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AA-NAT) and hydroxyindole-Omethyltransferase (HIOMT). After its formation in the pinealocytes of the pineal gland, it is transferred to the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of the brain, where second messengers of sleep are initiated in order to cause sleepiness [67]. Melatonin is formed through the metabolism of serotonin.…”

Section: Melatoninmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tryptophan and Substance Abuse: Mechanisms and Impact

Davidson

Rashidi

Hossain

et al. 2023

IJMS

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Addiction, the continuous misuse of addictive material, causes long-term dysfunction in the neurological system. It substantially affects the control strength of reward, memory, and motivation. Addictive substances (alcohol, marijuana, caffeine, heroin, methamphetamine (METH), and nicotine) are highly active central nervous stimulants. Addiction leads to severe health issues, including cardiovascular diseases, serious infections, and pulmonary/dental diseases. Drug dependence may result in unfavorable cognitive impairments that can continue during abstinence and negatively influence recovery performance. Although addiction is a critical global health challenge with numerous consequences and complications, currently, there are no efficient options for treating drug addiction, particularly METH. Currently, novel treatment approaches such as psychological contingency management, cognitive behavioral therapy, and motivational enhancement strategies are of great interest. Herein, we evaluate the devastating impacts of different addictive substances/drugs on users′ mental health and the role of tryptophan in alleviating unfavorable side effects. The tryptophan metabolites in the mammalian brain and their potential to treat compulsive abuse of addictive substances are investigated by assessing the functional effects of addictive substances on tryptophan. Future perspectives on developing promising modalities to treat addiction and the role of tryptophan and its metabolites to alleviate drug dependency are discussed.

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Section: Tryptophan and Its Metabolitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tryptophan and Its Metabolitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tryptophan and Its Metabolitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tryptophan and Addiction: Meth Addiction As An Examplementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Melatoninmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tryptophan and Substance Abuse: Mechanisms and Impact

Davidson

Rashidi

Hossain

et al. 2023

IJMS

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The role of indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase in allergic disorders

Esmaeili

Hajavi

2022

Mol Biol Rep

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Influence of the Local Chemical Environment in the Formation of Multicomponent Crystals of L-Tryptophan with N-Heterocyclic Carboxylic Acids: Unusual Formation of Double Zwitterions

Das

Srivastava

2017

Crystal Growth & Design

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Formation of multicomponent crystals (MCCs) of L-tryptophan (TRP) with N-heterocyclic carboxylic acids such as 2-picolinic acid (PA) and its 3- or 4-substituent isomers (nicotinic acid or isonicotinic acid), pyrazinecarboxylic acid (PZCA), 2,3-pyrazinedicarboxylic acid (2,3-PZDCA), 2-quinaldic acid (QA), and its 3-subsituent isomer (3-QA) is investigated in this manuscript. The investigation results in four multicomponent solid forms of the amino acid with coformers where the electron withdrawing functional group (−COOH) is present in the ortho-substituent to N-heterocyclic rings. The isomers of PA or QA having −COOH at the meta- or para- position failed to produce new phases. These solid phases were identified by powder X-ray diffraction results, and the MCCs derived from 2-picolinic acid (1) and 2,3-pyrazinedicarboxylic acids (3) were further characterized with single crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystal structure of TRP-PA (1) reveal a rare form of cocrystal where both the amino acid and the picolinic acid are in zwitterionic form. Further, in our surprise, the amino acid appears to undergo change in absolute configuration during cocrystallization. Crystal TRP-2,3-PZDCA (3) is observed as a salt where the amino acid exists in cationic form, and the carboxylic acid exists in anionic form. It is observed that the complementary H-bonding between the py-N/ortho- −COOH of the coformers with the α-NH3 +/α-COO– group of L-tryptophan primarily drives the cocrystallization process. Density functional theory calculations support the experimental observations as lower total energy and higher interaction energy values are obtained for the successfully synthesized MCCs. The solid state fluorescence of TRP (known as intrinsic fluorescence probe) shows that 2,3-PZDCA is an effective quencher.

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Tryptophan Metabolism: Implications for Biological Processes, Health and Disease

Cited by 17 publications

References 605 publications

Tryptophan and Substance Abuse: Mechanisms and Impact

Tryptophan and Substance Abuse: Mechanisms and Impact

The role of indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase in allergic disorders

Influence of the Local Chemical Environment in the Formation of Multicomponent Crystals of L-Tryptophan with N-Heterocyclic Carboxylic Acids: Unusual Formation of Double Zwitterions

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