Tsetse fly host preference from sleeping sickness foci in Cameroon: Epidemiological implications

Simo, Gustave; Njiokou, Flobert; Mbida, Jean Arthur Mbida; Njitchouang, Guy R.; Herder, Stéphane; Asonganyi, Tazoacha; Cuny, G

doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2007.09.005

Cited by 72 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The percentage (6.33%) of residual blood meals obtained here is higher than the values obtained (2.8% and 4.7%; [20] and [16], respectively) for the same tsetse species in southern Cameroon. The difference can be explained by the composition of the fauna as well as the number of domestic and wild animal species found in each focus.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 80%

Identification of different trypanosome species in the mid-guts of tsetse flies of the Malanga (Kimpese) sleeping sickness focus of the Democratic Republic of Congo

et al. 2012

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BackgroundThe Malanga sleeping sickness focus of the Democratic Republic of Congo has shown an epidemic evolution of disease during the last century. However, following case detection and treatment, the prevalence of the disease decreased considerably. No active survey has been undertaken in this focus for a couple of years. To understand the current epidemiological status of sleeping sickness as well as the animal African trypanosomiasis in the Malanga focus, we undertook the identification of tsetse blood meals as well as different trypanosome species in flies trapped in this focus.MethodsPyramidal traps were use to trap tsetse flies. All flies caught were identified and live flies were dissected and their mid-guts collected. Fly mid-gut was used for the molecular identification of the blood meal source, as well as for the presence of different trypanosome species.ResultsAbout 949 Glossina palpalis palpalis were trapped; 296 (31.2%) of which were dissected, 60 (20.3%) blood meals collected and 57 (19.3%) trypanosome infections identified. The infection rates were 13.4%, 5.1%, 3.5% and 0.4% for Trypanosoma congolense savannah type, Trypanosoma brucei s.l., Trypanosoma congolense forest type and Trypanosoma vivax, respectively. Three mixed infections including Trypanosoma brucei s.l. and Trypanosoma congolense savannah type, and one mixed infection of Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma congolense savannah type were identified. Eleven Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infections were identified; indicating an active circulation of this trypanosome subspecies. Of all the identified blood meals, about 58.3% were identified as being taken on pigs, while 33.3% and 8.3% were from man and other mammals, respectively.ConclusionThe presence of Trypanosoma brucei in tsetse mid-guts associated with human blood meals is indicative of an active transmission of this parasite between tsetse and man. The considerable number of pig blood meals combined with the circulation of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in this focus suggests a transmission cycle involving humans and domestic animals and could hamper eradication strategies. The various species of trypanosomes identified in the Malanga sleeping sickness focus indicates the coexistence of animal and human African Trypanosomiasis. The development of new strategies integrating control measures for human and animal trypanosomiasis may enable the reduction of the control costs in this locality.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 80%

Identification of different trypanosome species in the mid-guts of tsetse flies of the Malanga (Kimpese) sleeping sickness focus of the Democratic Republic of Congo

et al. 2012

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“…Notable differences between the two foci were nevertheless recorded: in Bipindi, 23% and 67% of flies took their blood meal from humans and pigs, respectively, whereas these figures were respectively 63% and 23% for flies in Campo. There were also substantial differences observed between years: in 2004, 45% and 7% of flies respectively from Bipindi and Campo took their blood meal from pigs, versus 67% and 23%, respectively, in 2008 (Simo et al, 2008, Farikou et al, 2010a. These results illustrate how the nutritional behavior of tsetse flies depends on the geographical area and how quickly it can change over a relatively short period.…”

Section: Impact Of Global Changes On the Developmental Rates Of Trypamentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Due to the difference in blood composition between different mammalian hosts (human, wild or domestic animals), it can be expected that blood meals taken from different host types will differentially influence gut microbiota composition in tsetse flies, which might explain some of the geographical variation previously observed (Geiger et al, 2009. In addition, flies may ingest bacteria within the environment, particularly from the skin surface of hosts during blood meals (Poinar et al, 1979;Simo et al, 2008, Farikou et al, 2010a. Blood composition and sources may therefore be important factors that modulate vector competence, through complex interactions between nutrients, immunity and bacterial communities.…”

Section: Developmental and Immune Responses In The Trypanosome-tsetsementioning

confidence: 99%

Adult blood-feeding tsetse flies, trypanosomes, microbiota and the fluctuating environment in sub-Saharan Africa

2014

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The tsetse fly vector transmits the protozoan Trypanosoma brucei, responsible for Human African Trypanosomiasis, one of the most neglected tropical diseases. Despite a recent decline in new cases, it is still crucial to develop alternative strategies to combat this disease. Here, we review the literature on the factors that influence trypanosome transmission from the fly vector to its vertebrate host (particularly humans). These factors include climate change effects to pathogen and vector development (in particular climate warming), as well as the distribution of host reservoirs. Finally, we present reports on the relationships between insect vector nutrition, immune function, microbiota and infection, to demonstrate how continuing research on the evolving ecology of these complex systems will help improve control strategies. In the future, such studies will be of increasing importance to understand how vector-borne diseases are spread in a changing world.

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“…than dogs, sheep and goats; yet, pigs are less infected by T. b. gambiense than goats and sheep. Further, analysis of blood meals shows that Glossina feed more on pigs than on the other domestic animals (Laveissière et al, 1985;Simo et al, 2008). These results can be explained not only by differences in the susceptibility of the animals, but also by their lifecycles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Domestic animals as potential reservoir hosts ofTrypanosoma brucei gambiensein sleeping sickness foci in Cameroon

Njiokou

Nimpaye

Simo³

et al. 2010

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Summary :An explanation of the endemic nature and/or the resurgence of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) in the historic foci in West and Central Africa may be the existence of an animal reservoir. In some HAT foci, pigs were found infected by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense but the implication of the other domestic animals was not quite evaluated. This study aims to determine the prevalence of T. b. gambiense in domestic animal species (goat, sheep, pig and dog) commonly found in the four active HAT foci in Cameroon (Bipindi, Fontem, Campo and Doumé). Blood samples were collected from 307 pigs, 264 goats, 267 sheep and 37 dogs and used for parasitological (QBC), immunological (LiTat 1.3 CATT) and molecular (PCR) analyses. QBC detected trypanosomes in 3.88 % domestic animals while 22.7 % were sero-positive with LiTat 1.3 CATT tests. Of the 875 animals analysed, 174 (19.88 %) harboured T. brucei s.l. DNA, found in each of the four types of animal and in the four localities. The infection rate significantly differed among the animal species (p < 0.0001) and localities (p < 0.0001). The PCR also revealed T. b. gambiense group 1 DNA in 27 (3.08 %) domestic animals. The specific infection rates were as follows: sheep (6.74 %), goats (3.08 %), pigs (0.32 %) and dogs (0 %). T. b. gambiense was found in 8 (3.92 %) animals from Bipindi, 15 (4.83 %) from Campo, 4 (2.59 %) from Fontem-Center and none from Doumé. The infection rates significantly differed between the localities, and correlated with the intensity of HAT transmission in the foci. Résumé

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Tsetse fly host preference from sleeping sickness foci in Cameroon: Epidemiological implications

Cited by 72 publications

References 14 publications

Identification of different trypanosome species in the mid-guts of tsetse flies of the Malanga (Kimpese) sleeping sickness focus of the Democratic Republic of Congo

Identification of different trypanosome species in the mid-guts of tsetse flies of the Malanga (Kimpese) sleeping sickness focus of the Democratic Republic of Congo

Adult blood-feeding tsetse flies, trypanosomes, microbiota and the fluctuating environment in sub-Saharan Africa

Domestic animals as potential reservoir hosts ofTrypanosoma brucei gambiensein sleeping sickness foci in Cameroon

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