Tsunami Energy, Ocean-Bottom Pressure, and Hydrodynamic Force from Stochastic Bottom Displacement

Near- and far-field tsunami waves, displaced water volume, potential energy and velocity flow rates by a stochastic submarine earthquake source model

“…It can be observed from Figures 11 and 12 that the flow velocity u is highly correlated with the free surface elevation η with the same periodicity. In Figure 12, the maximum flow velocity for a water depth h =2 km attained 10 to.0.125 and 0.318 m/s at the gauges (30,25) and (77, 55), respectively, and attained to.0.056 and 0.131 m/s for a water depth h = 4 km. For tsunami-induced currents to be detected by HF radar they must have a magnitude approaching 0.2 m/s, implying a strong coastal amplification of a tsunami wave (Godin 2004).…”

“…It can be observed how the inclusion of the noise at the lateral slopes and to the central plateau of the source model leads to an increase in the tsunami amplitude in addition to an increase in oscillations in the free surface elevation. 30 In Figure 5, the tsunami enters the propagation regime and due to wave divergence and dispersion, the amplitude or leading wave height decreases with the distance from the source. Accordingly, the potential energy decreases, while the kinetic energy increases, which makes the surface wave travel outward in all directions away from the source area as seen in Figures 6c and 6d.…”

“…They can generate tsunamis if they occur beneath an ocean, and if they result in predominantly vertical displacement. Recent catastrophic tsunami events 30 caused by submarine earthquakes such as the Sumatran earthquake and tsunami, December 26, 2004(Ioualalen et al 2007Song et al 2008;Satake 2014) and the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake and tsunami (Suppasri et al 2013;Goda and Song 2015;Bai et al 2015) will be remembered for its fierceness, destruction and unprecedented loss of life for a long time. Since these destructive tsunami events, efforts have been made in warning methodology, pre-disaster preparedness and basic understanding of related phenomena to help building up coastal resilience and reducing 35 losses (Kânoğlu et al 2015).…”

“…Submarine earthquakes are often represented as random phenomena, where white noise stochastic processes are 45 adopted to properly model their frequency content (Greco et al 2014). Numerous studies used Gaussian white noise stochastic processes to account the random components of bottom deformation in tsunami simulation, see (Omar et al 2012;Allam et al 2014;Ramadan et al 2015;Ramadan et al 2017). Dynamic bottoms are often used to model the waves generated by some type of bottom motion.…”