“…In Hawai'i and Sāmoa, Indigenous counting systems (an example of ethnomathematics) thrived and were taught to children to meet their immediate social and physical needs to quantify (Furuto, 2014). Ethnomathematics-or "mathematical knowledge expressed in the language code of a given sociocultural group" (Borba, 1990 p. 40)-involves highly contextual practices typically in intergenerational settings and often in purposeful community-integrated activities (E. K. Kukahiko, 2014;Taeao & Averill, 2021). However, this is far from unique to the United States (Carr et al, 2018, in Papua New Guinea;Rau & Ritchie, 2011;Ritchie, 2013;Ritchie et al, 2014;Ritchie & Skerrett, 2013, in Aotearoa;Sims & Tiko, 2019).…”