Tuberculosis

Lowell, Anthony M.; Edwards, Lydia B.; Palmer, Carroll E.

doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674420908

Cited by 26 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…One of the reasons the Rust and Thomas method has been apparently forgotten may be the requirement of tuberculin data from “low-risk” and “high-risk” groups. The assessment of US Navy recruits, used in the original study, used self-report of household contact with an individual with tuberculosis (32). In our study, we combined tuberculin data from a TST survey conducted in a demographic surveillance area with data from a concurrent case-contact household study of tuberculosis in the whole district.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges in the Estimation of the Annual Risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Children Aged Less Than 5 Years

Khan¹,

Glynn²,

Mzembe³

et al. 2017

American Journal of Epidemiology

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Accurate estimates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in young children provide a critical indicator of ongoing community transmission of M. tuberculosis. Cross-reactions due to infection with environmental mycobacteria and/or bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination compromise the estimates derived from population-level tuberculin skin-test surveys using traditional cutoff methods. Newer statistical approaches are prone to failure of model convergence, especially in settings where the prevalence of M. tuberculosis infection is low and environmental sensitization is high. We conducted a tuberculin skin-test survey in 5,119 preschool children in the general population and among household contacts of tuberculosis cases in 2012–2014 in a district in northern Malawi where sensitization to environmental mycobacteria is common and almost all children are BCG-vaccinated. We compared different proposed methods of estimating M. tuberculosis prevalence, including a method described by Rust and Thomas more than 40 years ago. With the different methods, estimated prevalence in the general population was 0.7%–11.5% at ages <2 years and 0.8%–3.3% at ages 2–4 years. The Rust and Thomas method was the only method to give a lower estimate in the younger age group (0.7% vs 0.8%), suggesting that it was the only method that adjusted appropriately for the marked effect of BCG-attributable induration in the very young.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges in the Estimation of the Annual Risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Children Aged Less Than 5 Years

Khan¹,

Glynn²,

Mzembe³

et al. 2017

American Journal of Epidemiology

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“…In 1940, for instance, tuberculosis had a much greater impact upon the life span than did homicide. Improved standards of living and the use of sulfa drugs drastically reduced tuberculosis (Lowell, Edwards and Palmer, 1969, Chapters 2 and 3) and, by 1970, the impact of homicide upon the life span became greater than that of tuberculosis among men and women of both races.…”

Section: A Comparison Of Death Rates From Homicide With Those From Ot...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Homicide Trends in the United States

Aj¹

2004

Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement

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Unlike most other causes of death, homicide has been increasing in the United States, especially since the mid-1960s. Its impact is greatest among nonwhite men. The elimination of homicide would add approximately one and one-half years to their life span. This analysis examines trends and differentials using vital statistics data about homicide victims. A decomposition of components of change reveals that almost all of the rise in homicide mortality among nonwhites and a substantial fraction of the rise among whites results from the increasing use of firearms to kill people.

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“…The important role of sample surfaces and boundaries have been also emphasized [5][6][7]. This effective role of samples boundaries, in particular the surface quality, has been enlightened in low Tc materials some years ago [8], but more rarely addressed since then [9]. The case of Niobium (Nb) is particularly relevant for studying the effect of surfaces for the critical current since Nb is well known for its use in radiofrequency cavities, where the role of surface quality for optimized performances is specially critical [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Change of surface critical current in the surface superconductivity and mixed states of superconducting niobium

Aburas

Pautrat

Bellido

2016

Supercond. Sci. Technol.

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A systematic study of irreversible magnetization was performed in bulk Niobium after different surface treatments. Starting with smooth surfaces and abrading them, a strong increase of the critical current is observed up an apparent limiting value. An impressive change of the critical current is also observed in the surface superconductivity (SSC) state, reaching values of the same order of magnitude as in the mixed state. We explain also the observation of strong SSC for magnetic field perpendicular to larges facets in terms of nucleation of SC along bumps of a corrugated surface.

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Tuberculosis

Cited by 26 publications

References 0 publications

Challenges in the Estimation of the Annual Risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Children Aged Less Than 5 Years

Challenges in the Estimation of the Annual Risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Children Aged Less Than 5 Years

Homicide Trends in the United States

Change of surface critical current in the surface superconductivity and mixed states of superconducting niobium

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