Tuberculosis

Abstract

Among communicable diseases, tuberculosis is the second leading cause of death worldwide, killing nearly 2 million people each year. Most cases are in less-developed countries; over the past decade, tuberculosis incidence has increased in Africa, mainly as a result of the burden of HIV infection, and in the former Soviet Union, owing to socioeconomic change and decline of the health-care system. Definitive diagnosis of tuberculosis remains based on culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but rapid diagnosis of infectious tuberculosis by simple sputum smear for acid-fast bacilli remains an important tool, and more rapid molecular techniques hold promise. Treatment with several drugs for 6 months or more can cure more than 95% of patients; direct observation of treatment, a component of the recommended five-element DOTS strategy, is judged to be the standard of care by most authorities, but currently only a third of cases worldwide are treated under this approach. Systematic monitoring of case detection and treatment outcomes is essential to effective service delivery. The proportion of patients diagnosed and treated effectively has increased greatly over the past decade but is still far short of global targets. Efforts to develop more effective tuberculosis vaccines are under way, but even if one is identified, more effective treatment systems are likely to be required for decades. Other modes of tuberculosis control, such as treatment of latent infection, have a potentially important role in some contexts. Until tuberculosis is controlled worldwide, it will continue to be a major killer in less-developed countries and a constant threat in most of the more-developed countries.

Cost-effectiveness of active case-finding of household contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in a low HIV, tuberculosis-endemic urban area of Lima, Peru

“…Numerous national TB control programmes (NTPs) have scaled up the WHO recommended Directly Observed Therapy Short Course (DOTS) strategy, although current declines in TB incidence rates are considered too gradual to meet global WHO TB elimination targets by 2050 [2][3][4][5]. Recent evidence suggests that active case-finding (ACF) of TB cases in the community may substantially improve TB case detection and contribute to overall reductions in TB prevalence and incidence in high-burden, lowresource settings more rapidly.…”

Synthesis and Antitubercular Activity of Piperidine and Morpholine 1, 8 Naphthyridine Analogues

“…To the best of our knowledge, compounds (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11) are herein reported for the first time. However, the ascertaining the therapeutic potential of this class of compounds as anti-mycobacterial agents still require an evaluation of most effective analogue 10 against drug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis.…”

“…To a solution of 1.0 mmole of 7-amino derivative (1) in 5 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid, sodium nitrite was added portion wise at-5 °C, after standing at room temperature for 1 h crushed ice was added and then concentrated ammonium hydroxide until pH about 5.0, the solid was collected by filtration and purified to give compound (2) and (3) …”

“…Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative organism, produces a chronic infection in the lungs that can become disseminated. It still remains one of the foremost among infectious disease in the world causing the maximum number of deaths due to the spread of single microorganism [2][3][4][5].…”

Avaliação do sistema de pontuação para o diagnóstico da tuberculose na infância preconizado pelo Ministério da Saúde, Brasil

“…Cerca de um terço da população mundial está infectada pelo Mycobacterium tuberculosis 1 . Nos países em desenvolvimento estima-se que existam, na faixa etária abaixo de 15 anos, aproximadamente 1.300.000 casos, com ocorrência de 450 mil mortes por tuberculose anualmente 2,3 .…”