Tuberculosis in BCG Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Children

Abstract

One hundred, non-consecutive, non-randomized, cases of tuberculosis divided in 2 groups i.e. Group A including 50 BCG vaccinated children and Group B including 50 unvaccinated children were studied to determine the pattern of tuberculosis and the role of protein energy malnutrition in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. Thirty four per cent of Group A and 52 per cent of Group B had severe protein energy malnutrition. Sixty eight per cent in Group A and 76 per cent in Group B had intrathoracic forms of tuberculosis. Twelve (24%) patients in Group A and 11 (22%) in Group B suffered from serious forms of tuberculosis including tubercular meningitis, miliary tuberculosis and disseminated tuberculosis. The difference was not statistically different (p>0.05). However, in severe form of tuberculosis, the morbidity in vaccinated group was less. Sixty six per cent of vaccinated children with disseminated forms of tuberculosis had features of severe protein energy malnutrition. BCG is not effective in preventing tubercular infection in children of preschool age. It is effective to a certain extent in localizing the infection to a particular organ. Severe protein energy malnutrition is a contributing factor in the genesis of tuberculosis in preschool children vaccinated with BCG at or immediately after birth.

Pediatric Patients With Hemiplegia: A Systematic Review of a Randomized Controlled Trial

“…Congenital hemiplegia refers to the onset of hemiplegia before, during, or within the first two years of life. Acquired hemiplegia is a term used to describe hemiplegia occurring later in life [1].…”

“…Hemiplegia is a more general name for cerebral palsy (CP), which develops before birth and manifests in the first few years of life. Other hemiplegia types include alternating, facial, spinal, contralateral, spastic, and spastic hemiplegia [1,2].…”

“…If brain injury results in hemiplegia, brain damage may result in symptoms other than hemiplegia, such as memory loss, difficulty focusing, speech problems, behavioral disorders, and seizures. Various treatment modalities are available based on severity such as physiotherapy, multidisciplinary rehabilitation such as physical therapy, mental health therapist, and other medical management [1]. This review was conducted to oversee the different interventional therapies and their effects on hemiplegia pediatric patients.…”