Tuberculosis in Children: An Update

Powell, Dwight A.; Hunt, W. Garrett

doi:10.1016/j.yapd.2006.04.014

Cited by 35 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 133 publications

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“…Without proper treatment up to two thirds of people ill with TB will die (WHO, 2012). The diagnosis of TB depends on the history, physical and radiographic evidence or the presence of AFB in acid fast smears and cultures (Powell and Hunt, 2006). Most standard laboratory text books and guidelines for laboratories suggest that at least three specimens, preferably collected on three consecutive days, should be submitted to the laboratory for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear and culture.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some risk factors associated with acid-alcohol-fast bacilli in patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis in Jos, central Nigeria

Bigwan¹,

Ohaeri²,

David³

et al. 2014

African Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Background: Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a very serious public health problem due to its high tendency of person to person transmission, morbidity, and mortality. This study aimed at determining some risk factors associated with the prevalence of acid-alcohol-fast-bacilli (AAFB) within the study area. Materials and Methods: Sputum samples were collected from three hundred and three (303) patients with suspected cases of pulmonary tuberculosis in Jos. The samples were examined using Ziehl Neelson method. Structured questionnaires were administered to obtain some demographic data from patients that consented. Results were tested statistically for significance at p < 0.05 using Chi-square test. Results: Out of the samples examined, 29 (9.60%), were positive for AAFB. The study showed that the prevalence of smear-positive increased with increase in number of persons sharing the same room. Statistically the study reveals that some risk factors such as alcoholism, cigarette smoking and number of persons staying in a household had a significant effects on the prevalence (p < 0.05),while HIV status had no significant effect on the prevalence (p > 0.05). Conclusion:There was high prevalence of AAFB in the study area especially among people living in poor/congested housing facilities and people with HIV/AIDS. This calls for more collaborative efforts and political will by government and non-governmental agencies in order to eradicate the infection rate within the area, and the country at large.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some risk factors associated with acid-alcohol-fast bacilli in patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis in Jos, central Nigeria

Bigwan¹,

Ohaeri²,

David³

et al. 2014

African Journal of Infectious Diseases

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“…In children, the principal causative agents are AM in 92% of cases, while MTB is involved in the rest of cases [1]. It has been estimated that 65% to 80% of children under 12 years are infected by Mycobacterium avium complex; 10% to 20% by Mycobacterium scrofulaceum; and 10% by MT.…”

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confidence: 99%

Head and neck mycobacterial infections in pediatric patients

Caruso

Passali

Salerni

et al. 2009

International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology

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Objective: Lymph nodal disease is one of the most common manifestations of head and neck tuberculosis and is particularly frequent in paediatric patients with an increasing incidence in the last decade. It may represent the manifestation of a systemic tuberculous disease or a clinical entity specific of the neck. Aim of this paper is to retrospectively analyse mycobacterial cervical adenopathies observed in two Paediatric European Centers between 1986 and 2004 and the outcomes of medical or surgical treatment. Methods: 353 children were examined for mycobacterial cervical lymphadenopaties since January 1986 to December 2004. Demografic data about the sample are showed. The retrospective evaluation of the sample underlined distribution according to etiologic patterns, head and neck adenopathies localization. Previous or simultaneous medical or surgical treatment were analyzed. Statistical analysis with Chi Square test was performed. Results: 281 (79.60%) cases showed a higher localization and 72 (20.40%) a lower localization. In relation to the etiological agent, 8 (2.27%) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and 222 (62.89%) mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (MOTT) lymphadenopaties were observed in the upper localization as opposed to 21 (5.95%) MTB and 39 (11.05%) MOTT in the lower plane. Two (0.56%) were detected as upper lymph nodal tumefaction in the median line. In 86 (24.36%) cases at the MRI the so-called "iceberg effect" was noted. 163 (62.45%) patients underwent primary excisional biopsy whereas 74 (28.35%) underwent exeresis after other unsuccessfull therapies, 9 underwent only drainage, and 15 drainage with subsequent antibiotic therapy. Number of relapses after surgery was 16 (6.13%). Conclusions:A not homogeneous therapeutic approach to the mycobacterial cervical adenitis arises from literature and WHO guidelines does not give indications for the treatment of the cervical pattern.A therapeutic strategy based on the etiology is mandatory. In case of MBT adenopathy the therapy of choice includes the association, in variable way, of different chemotherapic drugs; surgery is reserved to advanced cases. Conversely, in cases of MOTT adenopathy, surgery is the treatment of choice.

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“…Se considera que por la diseminación sanguínea se facilita la localización del complejo primario en el hígado o en el pulmón, pero existen casos donde no se puede identificar el complejo primario. 3 El cuadro clínico de la tuberculosis congéni-ta se caracteriza por síndrome febril sin foco evidente, acompañado con hepatoesplenomegalia, adenopatías, dificultad respiratoria, distensión abdominal, letargia e irritabilidad. 3 Como tiene una presentación clínica muy inespecífica es muy similar a la producida por la sepsis bacteriana y las infecciones congénitas del tipo toxoplasmosis, citomegalovirus, rubéola, herpes, virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (TORCH).…”

Section: Tuberculosis Congénitaunclassified

“…3 El cuadro clínico de la tuberculosis congéni-ta se caracteriza por síndrome febril sin foco evidente, acompañado con hepatoesplenomegalia, adenopatías, dificultad respiratoria, distensión abdominal, letargia e irritabilidad. 3 Como tiene una presentación clínica muy inespecífica es muy similar a la producida por la sepsis bacteriana y las infecciones congénitas del tipo toxoplasmosis, citomegalovirus, rubéola, herpes, virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (TORCH). Esta enfermedad se debe sospechar cuando el niño no mejora con la antibioticoterapia habitual y específica para las otras infecciones mencionadas con antelación; asimismo, el riesgo es mayor si la madre ha tenido o tiene tuberculosis.…”

Section: Tuberculosis Congénitaunclassified

“…Esta enfermedad se debe sospechar cuando el niño no mejora con la antibioticoterapia habitual y específica para las otras infecciones mencionadas con antelación; asimismo, el riesgo es mayor si la madre ha tenido o tiene tuberculosis. 3 Sin embargo, es necesario descartar las otras causas de infección congénita y complementar el diagnóstico con las pruebas paraclínicas específicas, sin olvidar la realización del examen de fondo de ojo. El pronóstico depende del diagnóstico y el tratamiento oportunos, ya que pueden presentarse complicaciones graves, como prematurez, insuficiencia respiratoria, tuberculosis miliar y meningitis.…”

Section: Tuberculosis Congénitaunclassified

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