Tuberculosis vaccine: A journey from BCG to present

Fatima, Samreen; Kumari, Anjna; Das, Gobardhan; Dwivedi, Ved Prakash

doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117594

Cited by 120 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Since 1921, the BCG vaccine has been used in infants and children and is effective in providing protection against childhood TB [15], avoiding 120,000 childhood deaths per year [16]. However, it fails to protect against adult pulmonary TB, the major manifestation of the disease [8]. For example, although high-incidence nation China has an overwhelming BCG vaccine coverage, three-quarters of TB is estimated to occur in the 45-year-old or older population [16].…”

Section: Status Of Current Tb Vaccine: Bcgmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mtb bacilli first enter the lungs in aerosol droplets. Due to the innate immune response, macrophages ingest the bacteria and recruit other immune cells [8]. Neutrophils, Delta T cells, NK cells, and CD4 + T cells are activated to control the infection, leading to the formation of a granuloma [9].…”

Section: Immune Characteristics and Markers For Mtbmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on the current understanding of Mtb, there are a number of strategies for the application of new vaccines, i.e., preventive pre-exposure (for uninfected individuals/infants), preventive post-exposure (for latent TB/adolescents and adults), and therapeutic (for active TB) [27]. Pre-exposure vaccines either aim to induce a more robust protective immune response than BCG in order to prevent disease or produce a faster response, so the infection is not established [8]. The post-exposure vaccine strategy aims to either induce a robust and long-lasting response to prevent disease reactivation or eliminate latent TB by inducing sterilizing immunity so that bacteria are not able to be reactivated later and lead to active TB [8].…”

Section: Vaccine Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The BCG vaccine protects children against TB for up to 10 years, but its efficacy declines with each subsequent year [7]. Additionally, it does not provide protection against adult pulmonary TB [8] and lacks any additional benefit upon revaccination of healthy and active TB cases [8]. Furthermore, there are safety issues related to the BCG vaccine, as it is a live attenuated vaccine with a risk of becoming virulent [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, it does not provide protection against adult pulmonary TB [8] and lacks any additional benefit upon revaccination of healthy and active TB cases [8]. Furthermore, there are safety issues related to the BCG vaccine, as it is a live attenuated vaccine with a risk of becoming virulent [8]. The BCG vaccine was first produced in 1921, and because of its shortcomings, a more effective and safer vaccine is needed to replace or supplement it [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

An Overview of the Development of New Vaccines for Tuberculosis

2020

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Currently, there is only one licensed vaccine against tuberculosis (TB), the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG). Despite its protective efficacy against TB in children, BCG has failed to protect adults against pulmonary TB, lacks therapeutic value, and causes complications in immunocompromised individuals. Furthermore, it compromises the use of antigens present in the purified protein derivate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the diagnosis of TB. Many approaches, e.g., whole-cell organisms, subunit, and recombinant vaccines are currently being explored for safer and more efficacious TB vaccines than BCG. These approaches have been successful in developing a large number of vaccine candidates included in the TB vaccine pipeline and are at different stages of clinical trials in humans. This paper discusses current vaccination strategies, provides directions for the possible routes towards the development of new TB vaccines and highlights recent findings. The efforts for improved TB vaccines may lead to new licensed vaccines capable of replacing/supplementing BCG and conferring therapeutic value in patients with active/latent TB.

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Section: Status Of Current Tb Vaccine: Bcgmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Immune Characteristics and Markers For Mtbmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Vaccine Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Overview of the Development of New Vaccines for Tuberculosis

2020

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Pathogenesis and therapeutic targets

Yang,

Zhang,

Qiao

et al. 2023

MedComm

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Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant public health concern in the 21st century, especially due to drug resistance, coinfection with diseases like immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and coronavirus disease 2019, and the lengthy and costly treatment protocols. In this review, we summarize the pathogenesis of TB infection, therapeutic targets, and corresponding modulators, including first‐line medications, current clinical trial drugs and molecules in preclinical assessment. Understanding the mechanisms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection and important biological targets can lead to innovative treatments. While most antitubercular agents target pathogen‐related processes, host‐directed therapy (HDT) modalities addressing immune defense, survival mechanisms, and immunopathology also hold promise. Mtb’s adaptation to the human host involves manipulating host cellular mechanisms, and HDT aims to disrupt this manipulation to enhance treatment effectiveness. Our review provides valuable insights for future anti‐TB drug development efforts.

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Advances in adjunct therapy against tuberculosis: Deciphering the emerging role of phytochemicals

Fatima

Kumari

Dwivedi

2021

MedComm

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Eastern countries are a major source of medicinal plants, which set up a rich source of ethnopharmacologically known medicines used in the treatment of various diseases. These traditional medicines have been known as complementary, alternative, or nonconventional therapy across globe for ages. Tuberculosis (TB) poses a huge global burden and leads to maximum number of deaths due to an infectious agent. Treatment of TB using Directly Observed Treatment Short‐course (DOTS) therapy comprises multiple antibiotics is quite lengthy and causes serious side‐effects in different organs. The length of the TB treatment leads to withdrawal from the patients, which paves the way for the emergence of drug resistance in the bacterial population. These concerns related to therapy need serious and immediate interventions. Traditional medicines using phytochemicals has shown to provide tremendous potential in TB treatment, mainly in the eradication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( M.tb ), increasing natural immunity, and managing the side effects of anti‐TB drugs. This review describes the antituberculosis potential of selected ethnopharmacologically important phytochemicals as potential immune‐modulator and as an adjunct‐therapy in TB. This review will be a useful reference for researchers working on ethnopharmacology and will open the door for the discovery of novel agents as an adjunct‐therapy to tuberculosis.

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Tuberculosis vaccine: A journey from BCG to present

Cited by 120 publications

References 47 publications

An Overview of the Development of New Vaccines for Tuberculosis

An Overview of the Development of New Vaccines for Tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Pathogenesis and therapeutic targets

Advances in adjunct therapy against tuberculosis: Deciphering the emerging role of phytochemicals

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