Tudela

Costa Rica's Development: From Good to Better

“…Nonetheless, education 1 9 8 0 1 9 8 1 1 9 8 2 1 9 8 3 1 9 8 4 1 9 8 5 1 9 8 6 1 9 8 7 1 9 8 8 1 9 8 9 1 9 9 0 1 9 9 1 1 9 9 2 1 9 9 3 1 9 9 4 1 9 9 6 1 9 9 7 1 9 9 8 1 9 9 9 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 4 2 0 0 5 2 0 0 6 2 0 0 7 2 0 0 8 2 0 0 9 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 1 spending increased systematically over the 1990s and 2000s, as the Assembly approved spending targets of six percent of GDP in 1997GDP in (reached by 2009 and eight percent of GDP in 2010 (projected to be reached by 2018). 18 These levels of public spending as a share of GDP are higher than the 5.4 percent of GDP spent by OECD countries on average. 19 Education spending is in the "mid-range" between middle-income and high-income countries.…”

“…Fiscal policy is decomposed into direct taxes (such as income and payroll taxes); direct transfers (such as non-contributory pensions, and conditional and unconditional cash transfers); and indirect taxes and transfers (such as value added taxes, and fuel subsidies). 18 In Costa Rica, direct and indirect transfers and taxes decrease income inequality by three Gini points, from 0.51 to 0.49, a reduction comparable to Brazil, Mexico, and Uruguay, and larger than the reduction in Bolivia and Peru. The evidence available for these six countries suggests that fiscal policy in LAC is not able to counterbalance the inequality pressures from labor income.…”

“…17 local small and medium enterprises may be deterred from seeking business with MNCs due to the uncertainty around the process of upgrading their operations. 18 The government's programs to support backward linkages have had some tangible results, although these are quite small. The programs have insufficient scale and scope to significantly influence the development of productive linkages between domestic SMEs and MNCs.…”

“…As figure 5. 18 shows, even the most widespread program (school meals) reaches only half of the population in the lowest income quintile; and the second largest program, the conditional cash transfer program Avancemos, reaches only 28 percent. In addition, there exist a large number of programs, whose coverage is not documented in the household survey ENAHO and that reach a very small number of beneficiaries (fewer than 20 thousand in most cases).…”

Rights discourse and practices, everyday violence and social protests: Who counts as subject and whose lives are real in the neo-colonial South African nation state?

“…The result is that when economic conditions demand the tightening of credit or the withdrawal of employment, the rights of the poor to basic social goods are effectively suspended. 122 Minorities are processes that operate according to different sets of strategies and logics antithetical to the state axiomatic. Because minorities operate on non-denumerable, non-axiomizable processes, their potential for transformation or deterritorialisation lies in their "own special power" to become or to create lines of flight.…”