Tularemia

Foshay, Lee

doi:10.1146/annurev.mi.04.100150.001525

Cited by 45 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…These reactions were reduced somewhat if the vaccine was prepared with acetone rather than phenol killing of bacterial cells. Subsequently, vaccination was preceded by a simple skin test to determine whether immunity was present, and the vaccine dose regimen was modified accordingly to limit severe reactions (56).…”

Section: Development Of Nonliving Tularemia Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tularemia

et al. 2002

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Francisella tularensis is the etiological agent of tularemia, a serious and occasionally fatal disease of humans and animals. In humans, ulceroglandular tularemia is the most common form of the disease and is usually a consequence of a bite from an arthropod vector which has previously fed on an infected animal. The pneumonic form of the disease occurs rarely but is the likely form of the disease should this bacterium be used as a bioterrorism agent. The diagnosis of disease is not straightforward. F. tularensis is difficult to culture, and the handling of this bacterium poses a significant risk of infection to laboratory personnel. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay- and PCR-based methods have been used to detect bacteria in clinical samples, but these methods have not been adequately evaluated for the diagnosis of pneumonic tularemia. Little is known about the virulence mechanisms of F. tularensis, though there is a large body of evidence indicating that it is an intracellular pathogen, surviving mainly in macrophages. An unlicensed live attenuated vaccine is available, which does appear to offer protection against ulceroglandular and pneumonic tularemia. Although an improved vaccine against tularemia is highly desirable, attempts to devise such a vaccine have been limited by the inability to construct defined allelic replacement mutants and by the lack of information on the mechanisms of virulence of F. tularensis. In the absence of a licensed vaccine, aminoglycoside antibiotics play a key role in the prevention and treatment of tularemia

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Section: Development Of Nonliving Tularemia Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tularemia

et al. 2002

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“…Killed cell preparations were reactogenic and of dubious efficacy (Foshay et al, 1942;Foshay, 1950), although studies in humans indicated that immunization with these vaccines reduced the number of infections and considerably modified the course of the disease (Foshay et al, 1942;Kadull et al, 1950). The identification of the antigens responsible for induction of a protective response has been an aim of research for 50 years.…”

Section: Francisella Tularensismentioning

confidence: 99%

Francisella tularensis: unravelling the secrets of an intracellular pathogen

Oyston

2008

Journal of Medical Microbiology

142

168

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“…Without treatment, the bacteria disseminate to the draining lymph node and to other organs. This form is not so frequent and according to data in the older literature comprises less than 1% of all human cases of tularemia [151,152]. Typhoidal tularemia, an acute form of the disease caused mainly by F. tularensis subsp.…”

Section: The Disease -Signs and Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Putting the Jigsaw Together - A Brief Insight Into the Tularemia

Kubelková

Macela

2015

Open Life Sciences

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Tularemia is a debilitating febrile and potentially fatal zoonotic disease of humans and other vertebrates caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Francisella tularensis. The natural reservoirs are small rodents, hares, and possibly amoebas in water. The etiological agent, Francisella tularensis, is a non-spore forming, encapsulated, facultative intracellular bacterium, a member of the γ-Proteobacteria class of Gram-negative bacteria. Francisella tularensis is capable of invading and replicating within phagocytic as well as non-phagocytic cells and modulate inflammatory response. Infection by the pulmonary, dermal, or oral routes, respectively, results in pneumonic, ulceroglandular, or oropharyngeal tularemia. The highest mortality rates are associated with the pneumonic form of this disease. All members of Francisella tularensis species cause more or less severe disease Due to their abilities to be transmitted to humans via multiple routes and to be disseminated via biological aerosol that can cause the disease after inhalation of even an extremely low infectious dose, Francisella tularensis has been classified as a Category A bioterrorism agent. The current standard of care for tularemia is treatment with antibiotics, as this therapy is highly effective if used soon after infection, although it is not, however, absolutely effective in all cases.

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Tularemia

Cited by 45 publications

References 0 publications

Tularemia

Tularemia

Francisella tularensis: unravelling the secrets of an intracellular pathogen

Putting the Jigsaw Together - A Brief Insight Into the Tularemia

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