Breast
cancer is the most prevalent and aggressive type of cancer,
causing high mortality rates in women globally. Many drawbacks and
side effects of the current chemotherapy force us to develop a robust
chemotherapeutic system that can deal with off-target hazards and
selectively combat cancer growth, invasiveness, and cancer-initiating
cells. Here, a pH-responsive cross-linked nanocarrier (140–160
nm) endowed with poly-β-thioester functionality (CBAPTL) has
been sketched and fabricated for noncovalent firm encapsulation of
anticancer drug, parthenolide (PTL) at physiological pH (7.4), which
enables sustain release of PTL at relevant endosomal pH (∼5.0–5.3).
For this, a bolaamphiphilic molecule integrated with β-thioester
and acrylate functionality was synthesized to fabricate the pH-responsive
poly-β-thioester-based cross-linked nanocarrier via Michael
addition click reactions in water. The poly-β-thioester functionality
of CBAPTL hydrolyzes at endosomal acidic conditions, thus leading
to the selective release of PTL inside the cancer cell. Cross-linked
nanocarriers exhibit high serum stability, dilution insensitivity,
and targeted cellular uptake at tumor microenvironment (TME), contrasting
normal cells. In vitro study using human MCF-7 breast
cancer cells demonstrated that CBAPTL exhibited selective cytotoxicity,
reduced clonogenic potential, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS)
generation, and arrested the progression of the cell cycle at the
G0/G1 phase efficiently. CBAPTL induced apoptosis via downregulating
pro-proliferative protein Bcl-2 and upregulating proapoptotic proteins
p53, BAD, p21, and cleaved PARP-1. CBAPTL inhibited proliferating
signaling by suppressing AKT phosphorylation and p38 expression. CBAPTL
also blocked the invasion and migration of MCF-7 cells. CBAPTL effectively
inhibits primary and secondary mammosphere formation, thereby preventing
cancer-initiating cells’ growth. Conversely, CBAPTL has negligible
effect on human red blood cells (RBCs) and peripheral blood mononuclear
cells (PBMCs). These findings highlight the superior efficacy of CBAPTL
compared to PTL alone in suppressing cancer cell growth, inducing
apoptosis, and preventing invasiveness of MCF-7 cells. Thus, CBAPTL
could be considered a possible selective chemotherapeutic cargo against
breast cancer without affecting normal cells.